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. 2026 May 15;12(20):eaee0777. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.aee0777

Fig. 4. Influence of phase morphology on the conductivity of ionic biogel.

Fig. 4.

(A) Optical images to show the hole pathway through the percolated polymeric PEDOT phase in four different types of material systems. (B) Schematic of the OECT and the transfer characteristics for two different channel material systems: NC and BC-NP to result in no OECT and BC-MP and BC-PP to yield a standard OECT. (C) Benchmarking conductivity and modulus (both storage and Young’s moduli marked by complete and incomplete stars) between this work and state-of-the-art conducting hydrogels (12, 14, 15, 22, 46–48, 50). (D) Conductivity comparison of different types of ionic biogels—layered (100 w/w%), BC-NP (50 w/w%), BC-MP (100 w/w%), BC-PP (200 w/w%), and NC (100 w/w%). (E) Electrochemical impedance spectra of bicontinuous (50, 100, and 200 w/w%) and nucleated (100 w/w%) systems. (F) Benchmarking of normalized transconductance (by channel width) and modulus (both storage and Young’s moduli marked by complete and incomplete stars) between this work and state-of-the-art semiconducting hydrogels (8, 9, 51). (G) Transfer characteristics of OECT with channel materials of BC-MP (100 w/w%). (H) Comparison of the peak transconductance and on-current of OECT with channel materials: BC-NP (75 w/w%), BC-MP (100 w/w%), BC-PP (200 and 300 w/w%), and NC (200 w/w%). N/A, not applicable.