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. 2026 May 15;12(20):eaee0777. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.aee0777

Fig. 5. Electrophysiology using ionic biogels to understand neurohaptics.

Fig. 5.

(A) Schematic illustration of the experimental setup to analyze neural response during mechanical and electrical stimulations and schematic of the wearable electrical stimulator array placed on the arm. The skin contact impedance of BC-MP (100 w/w%), NC (100 w/w%), commercial, and non-ionic biogels (3) (B) across different human subjects (averaged over days) and (C) across different days (averaged over subjects). Power amplitude showing increased power in the alpha band during the eye-closing state for (D) bicontinuous and (E) NCs. (F) Power amplitude showing ERD during sensory mechanical vibration using bicontinuous electrodes over 3 days. (G) Power spectrogram of EEG during electrical stimulation at 150 Hz. (H) Power spectrum of EEG during haptic sensation applied at different frequencies (5 to 500 Hz) on day 1. Statistical significance is indicated as follows: N.S., not significant; *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, and ***P < 0.001.