Table 2.
Associations of different dementia subtypes with LL-DTD characteristics (in adjusted logistic regression models reporting Odds ratios; AD as comparison group).
| Variable | Vascular vs ADa | Mixed vs ADa | DLB vs ADa | Other vs ADa |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sociodemographic characteristicsb | ||||
| Age above median (years) | 1.25 (0.84–1.84) | 1.48 (1.00–2.18) | 0.65 (0.33–1.27) | 1.16 (0.74–1.81) |
| Female sex | 0.52 (0.34–0.78)* | 0.73 (0.48–1.12) | 0.61 (0.32–1.18) | 0.47 (0.30–0.75)* |
| White ethnicity | 0.93 (0.61–1.42) | 1.05 (0.68–1.62) | 1.17 (0.57–2.41) | 1.69 (0.99–2.91) |
| Black ethnicity | 1.71 (1.00–2.91) | 1.29 (0.74–2.24) | 1.29 (0.54–3.07) | 0.51 (0.23–1.15) |
| Asian ethnicity | 0.57 (0.27–1.20) | 0.65 (0.32–1.32) | 0.58 (0.17–2.04) | 0.56 (0.24–1.30) |
| Other ethnicity | 0.83 (0.30–2.31) | 0.97 (0.36–2.56) | 0.57 (0.07–4.54) | 1.12 (0.38–3.34) |
| Married/cohabiting | 1.09 (0.71–1.67) | 1.56 (1.03–2.35) | 1.36 (0.70–2.65) | 1.41 (0.88–2.24) |
| Deprivation above median (IMD) | 1.34 (0.91–1.96) | 1.45 (0.99–2.13) | 1.53 (0.81–2.88) | 1.00 (0.65–1.55) |
| Clinical features at/around index depression diagnosis (HoNOS) b,c | ||||
| Problems with activities of daily living | 2.24 (1.49–3.35)* | 1.28 (0.87–1.88) | 1.38 (0.73–2.61) | 1.55 (0.99–2.43) |
| Physical comorbidity score >3 (vs ≤3) | 2.28 (1.54–3.36)* | 2.43 (1.65–3.59)* | 1.59 (0.85–3.00) | 1.10 (0.70–1.74) |
| Physical illness minor | 0.35 (0.23–0.53)* | 0.54 (0.37–0.81)* | 0.49 (0.25–0.96) | 0.39 (0.24–0.62)* |
| Physical illness mild | 1.22 (0.81–1.85) | 1.15 (0.76–1.74) | 0.92 (0.45–1.87) | 1.02 (0.63–1.66) |
| Physical illness moderate/severe | 2.59 (1.71–3.93)* | 1.86 (1.22–2.84)* | 2.47 (1.28–4.78) | 2.55 (1.59–4.09)* |
| ICD-10/11 depressive symptoms | ||||
| Depressed mood | 1.55 (1.01–2.35) | 1.17 (0.78–1.76) | 1.42 (0.71–2.85) | 1.56 (0.96–2.55) |
| Anhedonia/poor motivation | 1.17 (0.78–1.76) | 0.95 (0.63–1.43) | 0.68 (0.33–1.41) | 1.62 (1.04–2.54) |
| Anergia/low energy | 0.79 (0.54–1.17) | 0.79 (0.53–1.17) | 0.65 (0.33–1.27) | 0.84 (0.54–1.31) |
| Worthlessness | 1.48 (0.79–2.76) | 1.26 (0.66–2.40) | 2.16 (0.90–5.21) | 1.36 (0.67–2.76) |
| Guilt feelings | 0.95 (0.63–1.46) | 1.10 (0.72–1.66) | 0.99 (0.50–1.97) | 0.74 (0.45–1.22) |
| Hopelessness | 0.90 (0.60–1.35) | 1.02 (0.68–1.53) | 1.15 (0.60–2.22) | 1.31 (0.83–2.05) |
| Suicidal ideation | 0.84 (0.56–1.27) | 1.20 (0.81–1.79) | 1.53 (0.81–2.89) | 1.19 (0.76–1.88) |
| Poor concentration | 0.80 (0.54–1.17) | 0.88 (0.60–1.29) | 0.91 (0.49–1.71) | 0.85 (0.55–1.31) |
| Agitation | 1.88 (1.11–3.17) | 1.70 (1.00–2.89) | 2.14 (0.96–4.77) | 1.66 (0.90–3.06) |
| Disturbed sleep | 1.28 (0.84–1.95) | 1.28 (0.84–1.95) | 1.70 (0.80–3.60) | 1.02 (0.64–1.64) |
| Lack of appetite/weight loss | 1.17 (0.80–1.71) | 1.08 (0.74–1.58) | 1.44 (0.77–2.71) | 1.51 (0.97–2.35) |
| Physical health condition from MedCatd | ||||
| Hypertension | 2.82 (1.75–4.52)* | 2.51 (1.57–3.99)* | 1.47 (0.73–2.96) | 0.82 (0.52–1.28) |
| Diabetes mellitus | 1.31 (0.89–1.95) | 1.35 (0.91–2.00) | 0.78 (0.40–1.51) | 0.90 (0.57–1.42) |
| Cerebrovascular accident (stroke) | 5.81 (3.80–8.89)* | 3.42 (2.25–5.21)* | 1.61 (0.80–3.24) | 1.43 (0.86–2.37) |
| Arthritis | 0.82 (0.54–1.25) | 1.19 (0.80–1.78) | 1.03 (0.53–2.00) | 0.83 (0.51–1.34) |
| Chronic kidney disease | 0.85 (0.52–1.40) | 1.64 (1.05–2.58) | 1.65 (0.81–3.37) | 1.19 (0.69–2.04) |
| Myocardial infarction | 1.78 (1.09–2.89) | 1.69 (1.03–2.77) | 1.99 (0.94–4.20) | 1.12 (0.62–2.04) |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 1.02 (0.61–1.69) | 1.31 (0.80–2.14) | 1.70 (0.82–3.53) | 1.14 (0.65–2.00) |
| Ischaemic heart disease | 1.65 (1.02–2.67) | 1.53 (0.94–2.50) | 0.96 (0.40–2.30) | 0.87 (0.47–1.62) |
| Asthma | 1.11 (0.66–1.87) | 0.82 (0.47–1.43) | 1.26 (0.56–2.84) | 0.93 (0.50–1.72) |
| Transient ischaemic attack | 3.61 (2.07–6.31)* | 2.73 (1.53–4.85)* | 1.37 (0.49–3.82) | 1.03 (0.47–2.25) |
| Heart failure | 1.58 (0.93–2.70) | 0.92 (0.51–1.67) | 2.45 (1.12–5.38) | 0.76 (0.36–1.57) |
| Atrial fibrillation | 2.05 (1.12–3.75) | 2.13 (1.17–3.89) | 0.79 (0.22–2.81) | 1.90 (0.96–3.75) |
| Parkinson’s disease | 0.92 (0.36–2.33) | 1.82 (0.82–4.03) | 10.54 (4.50–24.72)* | 8.60 (4.24–17.44)* |
| Other symptoms/contextual factors | ||||
| Anxiety | 0.65 (0.38–1.10) | 0.80 (0.46–1.39) | 0.61 (0.27–1.38) | 0.65 (0.36–1.19) |
| Apathy | 1.33 (0.78–2.29) | 0.90 (0.50–1.62) | 1.62 (0.71–3.67) | 0.88 (0.45–1.72) |
| Medications | ||||
| ≥3 antidepressant trials recorded | 0.98 (0.66–1.46) | 1.05 (0.71–1.56) | 0.80 (0.41–1.54) | 0.79 (0.50–1.25) |
| SSRI | 1.55 (0.95–2.51) | 1.65 (1.01–2.68) | 1.57 (0.69–3.56) | 1.44 (0.83–2.49) |
| SNRI | 0.91 (0.60–1.36) | 1.07 (0.71–1.59) | 0.76 (0.39–1.51) | 0.88 (0.56–1.40) |
| Mirtazapine | 0.81 (0.52–1.26) | 0.98 (0.63–1.54) | 0.90 (0.44–1.85) | 1.14 (0.67–1.93) |
| TCA | 1.25 (0.82–1.90) | 0.69 (0.43–1.09) | 0.81 (0.39–1.70) | 0.96 (0.58–1.58) |
| Antipsychotic | 1.12 (0.76–1.66) | 1.12 (0.76–1.65) | 2.52 (1.31–4.85) | 1.10 (0.71–1.72) |
| Mood stabiliser | 1.87 (1.06–3.33) | 1.45 (0.79–2.63) | 1.47 (0.59–3.66) | 0.73 (0.34–1.59) |
* and bold = p-value <0.05 after Benjamini-Hochberg correction; a Adjusted model = adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, marital status and deprivation; b at or around the time of first late-life depression diagnosis; c Health of the Nation Outcome Scale (HoNOS) subscale scores 0-4 (0=least severe, 4 = most severe status) were categorised into scores of 0–1 representing that the patient was not experiencing problems in that domain, and scores of 2–4 representing experiencing problems; d Physical health conditions identified across the whole patients medical records using natural language processing.