Table 3.
Associations of Non-AD dementia (compared to AD) with different LL_DTD characteristics in the full sample and by temporal order of the dementia diagnosis (in adjusted logistic regression models reporting Odds ratios).
| Variable | Non-AD vs AD (full sample; cohort n=890)a | Non-AD vs AD (dementia diagnosis before depression diagnosis or up to 3 months after; n=356)a | Non-AD vs AD (dementia diagnosis at least 3 months after depression diagnosis; n=534)a |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sociodemographic characteristicsb | |||
| Age above median (years) | 0.95 (0.71-1.27) | 0.89 (0.56-1.42) | 0.91 (0.62-1.34) |
| Female sex | 0.58 (0.43-0.79)* | 0.57 (0.34-0.94) | 0.59 (0.40-0.86)* |
| White ethnicity | 1.13 (0.82-1.57) | 1.58 (0.95-2.62) | 0.93 (0.60-1.42) |
| Black ethnicity | 1.08 (0.72-1.63) | 0.94 (0.49-1.80) | 1.17 (0.68-1.99) |
| Asian ethnicity | 0.67 (0.39-1.17) | 0.44 (0.19-1.03) | 0.90 (0.43-1.86) |
| Other ethnicity | 0.91 (0.43-1.92) | 0.60 (0.19-1.85) | 1.25 (0.45-3.46) |
| Married/cohabiting | 1.02 (0.75-1.38) | 0.93 (0.57-1.51) | 1.06 (0.72-1.58) |
| Deprivation above median (IMD) | 1.06 (0.80-1.40) | 0.99 (0.63-1.55) | 1.10 (0.76-1.60) |
| Clinical features at/around index depression diagnosis (HoNOS) b,c | |||
| Problems with activities of daily living | 1.66 (1.24-2.23)* | 1.02 (0.61-1.69) | 2.03 (1.39-2.96)* |
| Physical comorbidity score >3 (vs ≤3) | 1.17 (0.88-1.55) | 1.19 (0.75-1.89) | 1.17 (0.81-1.70) |
| Physical illness minor | 0.48 (0.35-0.66)* | 0.60 (0.37-0.99) | 0.42 (0.28-0.63)* |
| Physical illness mild | 1.05 (0.77-1.43) | 0.81 (0.49-1.35) | 1.22 (0.82-1.81) |
| Physical illness moderate/severe | 1.93 (1.43-2.61)* | 1.86 (1.16-2.98) | 2.00 (1.34-2.99)* |
| ICD-10/11 depressive symptoms | |||
| Depressed mood | 1.44 (1.05-1.97) | 1.43 (0.88-2.32) | 1.50 (0.98-2.28) |
| Anhedonia/poor motivation | 1.26 (0.94-1.70) | 1.55 (0.94-2.56) | 1.12 (0.77-1.64) |
| Anergia/low energy | 0.87 (0.65-1.16) | 1.02 (0.63-1.64) | 0.82 (0.57-1.19) |
| Worthlessness | 1.38 (0.88-2.17) | 2.90 (1.16-7.26) | 1.07 (0.61-1.87) |
| Guilt | 0.85 (0.62-1.16) | 1.50 (0.88-2.58) | 0.63 (0.42-0.94) |
| Hopelessness | 1.05 (0.78-1.41) | 1.05 (0.64-1.73) | 1.08 (0.74-1.58) |
| Suicidality | 0.96 (0.71-1.29) | 0.71 (0.44-1.16) | 1.12 (0.76-1.64) |
| Poor concentration | 0.87 (0.66-1.16) | 0.85 (0.53-1.36) | 0.91 (0.63-1.31) |
| Agitation/problem | 1.44 (0.99-2.10) | 1.20 (0.70-2.06) | 1.63 (0.95-2.80) |
| Disturbed sleep | 1.11 (0.81-1.52) | 0.81 (0.49-1.34) | 1.31 (0.87-1.99) |
| Lack of appetite//weight problem | 1.27 (0.96-1.68) | 1.33 (0.85-2.10) | 1.22 (0.84-1.76) |
| Physical health condition from MedCatd | |||
| Hypertension | 1.12 (0.81-1.54) | 1.32 (0.80-2.17) | 1.05 (0.68-1.62) |
| Diabetes | 0.95 (0.71-1.28) | 0.84 (0.52-1.36) | 1.09 (0.75-1.60) |
| Cerebrovascular accident (stroke) | 1.76 (1.31-2.36)* | 1.72 (1.07-2.76) | 1.75 (1.19-2.58)* |
| Arthritis | 0.79 (0.58-1.07) | 0.85 (0.51-1.40) | 0.80 (0.54-1.17) |
| Chronic kidney disease | 0.85 (0.60-1.20) | 1.12 (0.61-2.06) | 0.76 (0.49-1.17) |
| Myocardial infarction | 1.23 (0.86-1.76) | 1.73 (0.98-3.07) | 0.96 (0.60-1.53) |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 1.02 (0.71-1.47) | 0.84 (0.47-1.53) | 1.16 (0.73-1.86) |
| Ischemic heart disease | 1.05 (0.73-1.51) | 1.07 (0.58-1.94) | 1.03 (0.65-1.65) |
| Asthma | 1.15 (0.77-1.70) | 0.89 (0.46-1.75) | 1.39 (0.85-2.29) |
| Transient ischemic attack | 1.40 (0.94-2.09) | 1.75 (0.91-3.35) | 1.20 (0.71-2.01) |
| Heart failure | 1.43 (0.95-2.17) | 1.43 (0.73-2.82) | 1.52 (0.89-2.58) |
| Atrial fibrillation | 1.25 (0.82-1.92) | 1.10 (0.53-2.30) | 1.46 (0.86-2.48) |
| Parkinson disease | 3.19 (1.96-5.19)* | 4.45 (1.68-11.78)* | 3.00 (1.69-5.32)* |
| Other symptoms/contextual factors | |||
| Anxiety | 0.71 (0.48-1.05) | 0.50 (0.28-0.90) | 0.95 (0.56-1.62) |
| Apathy | 1.26 (0.84-1.90) | 1.18 (0.67-2.07) | 1.12 (0.59-2.13) |
| Medications | |||
| ≥3 antidepressant trials recorded | 0.87 (0.65-1.17) | 0.83 (0.50-1.38) | 0.96 (0.66-1.39) |
| SSRI | 1.25 (0.87-1.79) | 1.17 (0.68-2.00) | 1.49 (0.90-2.47) |
| SNRI | 0.86 (0.63-1.16) | 0.80 (0.49-1.30) | 0.90 (0.61-1.33) |
| Mirtazapine | 0.93 (0.67-1.29) | 0.85 (0.51-1.41) | 0.98 (0.62-1.55) |
| TCA | 1.25 (0.90-1.73) | 1.59 (0.90-2.80) | 1.16 (0.77-1.73) |
| Antipsychotic | 1.18 (0.89-1.58) | 0.98 (0.61-1.55) | 1.32 (0.91-1.91) |
| Mood stabiliser | 1.17 (0.76-1.81) | 1.10 (0.48-2.54) | 1.22 (0.72-2.04) |
* and bold = p-value <0.05 after Benjamini-Hochberg correction; a Adjusted model = adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, marital status and deprivation; b at or around the time of first late-life depression diagnosis; c Health of the Nation Outcome Scale (HoNOS) subscale scores 0-4 (0=least severe, 4 = most severe status) were categorised into scores of 0–1 representing that the patient was not experiencing problems in that domain, and scores of 2–4 representing experiencing problems; d Physical health conditions identified across the whole patients medical records using natural language processing.