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. 2026 Apr 21;100(5):e00119-26. doi: 10.1128/jvi.00119-26

Fig 13.

Diagram of SHFL antiviral mechanism inhibiting PRRSV RNA translation and replication by blocking -1 and -2 programmed ribosomal frameshifting. Viral nsp12 and N proteins counteract SHFL while attachment, entry, assembly, and release remain unaffected.

Overview of the interaction between SHFL and PRRSV infection. SHFL exerts its antiviral effect by specifically disrupting viral RNA translation and replication, without affecting attachment, entry, assembly, or release. Mechanistically, SHFL inhibits the essential −1 PRF of PRRSV. Since −1 PRF is required for generating the RTC components from ORF1b, its inhibition leads to impaired RNA synthesis. SHFL also suppresses PRRSV’s novel −2 PRF. In response, PRRSV deploys nsp12 and N proteins to antagonize SHFL’s antiviral activity transcriptionally.