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. 2026 May 13;123(20):e2533498123. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2533498123

Fig. 1.

Five panels A to E show a behavioral task, brain anatomy, neural tuning curves, a pie chart, and bar graphs for vestibular and visual data.

Encoded heading tuning properties in VPS neurons. (A) (Left) Schematic of the virtual reality system. (Right) Timeline of heading discrimination task based on vestibular or visual heading stimuli. (B) (Top) Anatomical location of VPS. (Bottom) MRI reconstruction of microstimulation sites in VPS of three monkeys. Blue: vestibular tuning only; Red: visual tuning only; Green: multisensory tuning; White: no significant spatial tuning. White dashed contour: VPS boundary, predominantly localized at the posterior lateral sulcus. (C) (Top Left) An example of a vestibular (blue) and visual (red) tuning functions to heading direction in the horizontal plane for a visuo-vestibular conflict cell. (Bottom Left) Distribution of the difference in preferred direction between visual and vestibular tuning of VPS neurons. (Right) Proportion of different types of VPS neurons. (D) Distributions of vestibular (Upper) and visual (Lower) heading preference of VPS neurons in each hemisphere. In each plot, color represents data from each of the three animals. (E) Distribution of Choice probability (CP) of VPS neurons. (Upper) signs are assigned according to the neuron’s preferred heading direction. (Lower) signs are assigned according to hemisphere. Filled bars are CP with statistical significance (P < 0.05, permutation test) from the chance level (0.5). Open bars are nonsignificant cases (P > 0.05, permutation test). Blue: vestibular; Red: visual. Arrows represent the means. ***: P < 0.001, **: P < 0.01, *: P < 0.05, NaN: P > 0.05. Same format in the following figures.