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. 2026 May 13;123(20):e2533498123. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2533498123

Fig. 3.

Five-panel figure. A, B, and D show experimental setups and brain maps. C and E present bar and line graphs of behavioral and neural responses.

Noninvasive GVS applied at peripheral vestibular end organs. (A) Schematic of the GVS system for humans (Left) and monkeys (Right). (B) Two examples of GVS experiment with cathode electrode on the Left (Left) and on the Right (Right). Format is same as in Fig. 2B. (C) Population results of GVS induced PSE shift in the vestibular (Left) and visual (Right) condition. Positive values indicate a bias toward the cathode side. (D) (Top) Schematic of fUS setup and the direct current (DC) and alternative current (AC) used in fUS task. (Bottom) Examples of fUS imaging, showing VPS activation during DC (Left) and AC (Right) GVS stimulation. (E) Electrophysiological recordings of VPS neurons during GVS stimulation in the vestibular (Left) and visual (Right) condition.