Table 1.
Population characteristics
| Journal Data | Population Characteristics | Intervention Detail | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Study | Location | Sample size | Age (mean ± SD) | Gender Male, n (%) |
Type of Stroke (%) | Staging of Stroke | Severity | Type of Fine Motor Dysfunction | NIBS Parameters | Outcome | |
| Ischaemic | Hemorrhagic | ||||||||||
| Ibrahim et al. [4] | Egypt | 40 | 59.45 ± 5.46 | 24 (60) | 100 | 0 | Subacute and chronic | severe | left upper extremity paresis | (1) rTMS M1, (2) s-rTMS M1, 10 consecutive sessions × 5 Hz x 87 dB × 80% MSO | FMA-UE |
| Boasquevisque et al. [3] | Brazil | 30 | 61.85 ± 16.45 | 12 (40) | 100 | 0 | subacute | moderate | upper limb paresis | (1) IL c-tDCS M1, (2) s-tDCS. 6 sessions x 1 mA × 20 min × 35 cm2 sponge | NIHSS, FMA, mRS, BI, MAS |
| Bolognini et al. [5] | Italy | 32 | 68.5 ± 10.75 | 21 (65.63) | 78.13 | 21.87 | NA | severe | motor impairment |
(1) IL a-tDCS M1, (2) CL c-tDCS M1. 10 session × 2 mA × 15 min × 35 cm2 sponge |
MI-UL, NIHSS, BI |
| Bornheim et al. (2019) | Belgium | 50 | 62.98 ± 12.4 | 33 (66) | 100 | 0 | Acute, subacute, and chronic | mild to moderate | hand paresis | (1) CL a-tDCS, (2) s-tDCS. 20 sessions x 2 mA × 20 min × 25 cm2 surface electrodes | WMFT, BI, SIS |
| Chen et al. [7] | Taiwan | 22 | 52.75 ± 9.7 | 14 (63.64) | 22.73 | 77.27 | chronic | moderate | hemiplegia and hemiparesis | (1) iTBS M1, (2) sham. 5 consecutive sessions × 50 Hz × 600 p/s × 80% AMT | ARAT, MAS, FMA-UE, MAL, BBT |
| Edwards et al. [12] | USA | 82 | 67.8 ± NA | 50 (60.98) | NA | NA | chronic | mild to severe | arm hemiparetic |
(1) IL a-tDCS M1, (2) s-tDCS. 36 session × 2 mA × 20 min × 35 cm2 sponge |
FMA-UE |
| Garrido et al. (2022) | Chile | 70 | 65 ± 13 | 37 (52.86) | 97.14 | 2.86 | acute | moderate | upper limb paralysis | (1) BL-tDCS (IL anode and CL cathode M1) + CIMT, (2) sham. 14 session × 2 mA × 20 min × 25 cm2 sponge | FMA-UE |
| Kang et al. [13] | South Korea | 20 | 64.94 ± 9.38 | 10 (58.82) | 88.24 | 11.76 | subacute | mild | upper extremity paresis | (1) rTMS + MI + ES, (2) s-rTMS + MI. 10 sessions × 1 Hz × 1200 p/s × 90% of RMT | MMSE, FMA, MBI, Purdue Pegboard |
| Ke et al. [21] | China | 48 | 56.5 ± 8.6 | 20 (41.67) | 100 | 0 | acute | moderate | upper limb paralysis | (1) HF a-rTMS M1, (2) s-rTMS M1, 10 consecutive sessions × 20 Hz × 1200 p/s × 110% of RMT | FMA-UE |
| Kim et al. [19] | South Korea | 73 | 62.06 ± 12.16 | 45 (61.64) | 100 | 0 | NA | mild | upper limb dysfunction | (1) rTMS M1, (2) s-rTMS M1, 10 consecutive sessions × 1 Hz × 100% of RMT (pulse not clearly described) | FMA-UE |
| Kuo et al. [26] | Taiwan | 18 | 61 ± 12.14 | 9 (50) | 100 | 0 | subacute | mild to moderate | hand paresis | (1) BL-tDCS (IL anode and CL cathode M1) + TMS, (2) BL-tDCS (IL anode and CL cathode M1) + MEG, (3) s-tDCS + TMS, (4) s-tDCS + MEG. 2 sessions × 2 mA × 20 min × 35 cm2 sponge | FMA-UE, NIHSS, mRS, MRC, ARAT |
| Liu et al. [23] | China | 58 | 58.12 ± 6.75 | 26 (44.83) | 60.34 | 39.66 | chronic | mild to severe | motor impairment | (1) 10 Hz rTMS × 700 pulses × 90% of RMT × 10 sessions (2) s-rTMS | FIM |
| Luk et al. [18] | China | 24 | 66.2 ± 4.45 | 14 (58.33) | 95.83 | 1.47 | chronic | mild to moderate | Paretic hand and limb | (1) rTMS M1, (2) s-rTMS M1, 10 consecutive sessions × 1 Hz × 1200 p/s × 90% of rMT | NHPT, ARAT, FMA-UE, BBT |
| Meng et al. [25] | China | 28 | 53.84 ± 10.56 | 18 (64.28) | 57.14 | 42.86 | Subacute and chronic | moderate | hand paretic | (1) CL rTMS M1 + IL iTBS M1, (2) Cl rTMS M1 + IL s-iTBS, (3) CL s-rTMS + IL s-iTBS. 1 Hz rTMS × 1200 p/s × 100% of RMT. 10 sessions × 50 Hz iTBS × 1200 p/s × 80% of RMT | FMA-UE |
| Pinto et al. [20] | USA | 27 | 54.78 ± 12.25 | 16 (59.26) | 100 | 0 | Chronic | moderate | hemiplegia/hemiparesis | (1) Fluoxetine + rTMS, (2) Fluoxetine, (3) s-rTMS. 10 sessions × 1 Hz × 1200 p/s × 100% of RMT | NIHSS, JTHFT, FMA-UE, MMSE, HDRS |
| Qin et al. [9] | China | 49 | 58.59 ± 9.89 | 31 (63.27) | 100 | 0 | Chronic | moderate | upper limb dysfunction | (1) LF-rTMS M1 + rPMS, (2) LF-rTMS (3) CG. 3 sessions x 1 Hz × 90% RMT × 1,200 p/s | FMA-UE, MAS, MBI (other outcome) |
| Rosso et al. [16] | France | 27 | 61.56 ± 12.56 | 21 (77.78) | 100 | 0 | Chronic | mild to moderate | upper limb dysfunction | (1) rTMS M1, (2) s-rTMS. 5 consecutive sessions × 0.2 Hz × 90% of RMT (conditioning stimulus) and 140% of RMT (test stimulus) | FMA-UE |
| Vink et al. [17] | Netherland | 59 | 60.2 ± 12 | 40 (68) | 85 | 15 | Subacute | moderate | arm paretic | (1) cTBS M1, (2) s-cTBS. 10 consecutive sessions × 50 Hz × 70% of RMT (pulse not clearly described) | JTHFT, NHPT, ARAT, FMA-UE, SIS |
| Wang et al. [14] | China | 45 | 59.87 ± 12.26 | 30 (66.67) | 66.67 | 33.33 | Subacute | severe | motor impairment | (1) HF rTMS M1, (2) LF rTMS, (3) s-rTMS M1, 14 consecutive sessions × 10 Hz × 1000 p/s × 100% of RMT | FMA-UE |
| Wang et al. [24] | China | 29 | 55.41 ± 7.48 | 18 (62.07) | 65.5 | 34.5 | Subacute | mild to moderate | upper limb dysfunction | (1)LF rTMS M1, (2) s-rTMS M1. 10 sessions × 1 Hz × 90% of RMT (pulse not clearly described) | FMA-UE, WMFT, MBI (other outcome) |
| Wu et al. [8] | China | 60 | 55.45 ± 10.96 | 48 (80) | 45 | 55 | Subacute and chronic | moderate | upper limb dysfunction | (1) rTMS M1 + CNRMS (2) rTMS (3) CNRMS (4) s-rTMS M1. 10 consecutive sessions × 10 Hz × 1.000 p/s × 80% of RMT | FMA-UE |
| Yang et al. [10] | China | 39 | 62.92 ± 8.72 | 28 (71.79) | 79.49 | 20.51 | Subacute and chronic | moderate | upper limb and hand dysfunction | (1) HF rTMS + hand grip training M1, (2) HF rTMS (3) hand grip training.10 consecutive sessions × 5 Hz × 750 p/s × 100% of RMT | FMA-UE |
a-tDCS anodal transcranial direct current stimulation, BL-tDCS bilateral transcranial direct current stimulation, CIMT constraint induced movement therapy, CL contralesional, c-tDCS cathodal transcranial direct current stimulatio, IL ipsilesional, M1 primary motor cortex, N.A not available, NIBS non-invasive brain stimulation, p/s pulses/session, RMT resting motor threshold, AMT active motor threshold, rPNS repeated peripheral nerve stimulation, rTMS repeated transcranial magnetic stimulation, s-rTMS sham repeated transcranial magnetic stimulation, HF high frecuency, LF low frequency, s-tDCS sham transcranial direct current stimulation, tDCS transcranial direct current stimulation, FMA-UE fugl-meyer assessment for upper extremity, JTHFT jjebsen-taylor hand function test, ARAT action research arm test, NHPT nine hole peg test, NIHSS national institutes of health stroke scale, BBT box block test, MAS modified ashworth Scale, BI barthel index, MBI modified barthel index, WMFT wolf motor function test, mRS modified rankin scale, MRC medical research council scale, SIS Stroke Impact Scale, MMSE mini-mental state examination, HDRS hamilton depression rating scale, CNRMS cervical nerve root magnetic stimulation, CG control group, MSO maximal stimulator output, Data are given as n and mean ± SD