Table 2.
Improvement Detail
| Journal Data | Pre Intervention | Post Intervention | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Study | Stroke onset, days (mean ± SD) | Severity | Parameters | Baseline | Severity | Parameters | Outcome |
| Ibrahim et al. [4] | NA | severe | NIHSS |
MRC Intervention group: 1.50 ± 0.44 Comparator group: 1.59 ± 0.45 FMA-UE Intervention group: 18.15 ± 4.43 Comparator group: 17.30 ± 5.68 |
NA | NA |
MRC Intervention group: 2.70 + −0.44 Comparator group: 1.79 + −0.50 FMA-UE Intervention group: 33.85 + −5.28 Comparator group: 18.30 + −6.59 |
| Boasquevisque et al. [3] | 7—90 (they only give median for the specific) | moderate | NIHSS |
Median(IQR) Primary Outcome FMA Intervention group: 46 (8; 56.8) Comparator group: 22.5 (8.8; 43.5) Secondary Outcome mRS Intervention group: 3 (2; 4) Comparator group: 4 (3; 4) BI Intervention group: 80 (47.5; 95) Comparator group: 65 (47.5; 77.5) MASshoulder Intervention group: 0 (0; 1) Comparator group: 0 (0; 1) MASelbow Intervention group: 0 (0; 1.25) Comparator group: 1 (0; 2) MASwrist Intervention group: 0.5 (0; 2.25) Comparator group: 1 (0.8; 2) MASfingers Intervention group: 0.5 (0; 1.25) Comparator group: 1 (0; 1) MALquantitative Intervention group: 1.05 (0; 1.97) Comparator group: 0.1 (0; 0.4) MALqualitative Intervention group: 0.89 (0; 1.67) Comparator group: 0 (0; 0.2) |
Intervention group: mild Comparator group: moderate |
NIHSS |
Median(IQR) Primary Outcome FMA Intervention group: 51(16,8;61,5) Comparator group: 38.5 (20.5; 55.8) Secondary Outcome mRS Intervention group: 3 (2; 4) Comparator group: 3 (3; 3) BI Intervention group: 85 (57.5; 100) Comparator group: 77.5 (67.5; 90) MASshoulder Intervention group: 0 (0; 0) Comparator group: 0 (0; 0) MASelbow Intervention group: 0.5 (0; 1) Comparator group: 1 (0; 2) MASwrist Intervention group: 0 (0; 1.25) Comparator group: 1 (0; 2) MASfingers Intervention group: 0 (0; 1) Comparator group: 0 (0; 1) MALquantitative Intervention group: 2.41 (0; 3.5) Comparator group: 0.6 (0; 1.9) MALqualitative Intervention group: 2.16 (0; 3.58) Comparator group: 0.7 (0; 1.3) |
| Bolognini et al. [5] | NA | moderate | NIHSS |
Primary Outcome MI-UL Intervention group: 26.4 ± 28.4 Comparator group: 31.8 ± 31.6 Secondary Outcome HGS Intervention group: 3.3 ± 6.5 Comparator group: 4.9 ± 8.7 BI Intervention group: 19.4 ± 27.9 Comparator group: 24.7 ± 32.3 |
NA | NIHSS | NA (graph) |
| Bornheim et al. (2019) | 1—365 | NA | NA |
WMFT handgrip strength Intervention group: 18.2 ± 8.24 Comparator group: 17.92 ± 9.7 Tardieu Intervention group: 0 Comparator group: 0 Barthel Index Intervention group: 61.6 ± 21.3 Comparator group: 64.4 ± 19.54 SIS Intervention group: 176.12 ± 95.79 Comparator group: 190.84 ± 93.34 FM-UE NA (graph) FM-LE NA (graph) |
NA | NA | NA (graph) |
| Chen et al. [7] | ≥ 180 | moderate | NIHSS |
MAS-UE Intervention group: 3.90 ± 2.10 Comparator group: 4.05 ± 1.56 FMA-UE Intervention group: 33.33 ± 19.80 Comparator group: 30.03 ± 22.11 ARAT Intervention group: 18.62 ± 19.38 Comparator group: 16.72 ± 22.8 ARAT Grasp Intervention group: 4.00 ± 4.48 Comparator group: 3.52 ± 5.28 ARAT Grip Intervention group: 4.80 ± 7.08 Comparator group: 5.58 ± 7.86 ARAT Pinch Intervention group: 2.46 ± 3.39 Comparator group: 1.86 ± 3.51 BBT Intervention group: 10.20 ± 16.80 Comparator group: 9.00 ± 21.00 MAL (AOU) Intervention group: 10.44 ± 16.38 Comparator group: 18.9 ± 22.96 MAL (QOM) Intervention group: 10.50 ± 13.44 Comparator group: 15.26 ± 22.40 |
NA | NIHSS |
MAS-UE Intervention group: 3.30 ± 1.98 Comparator group: 4.29 ± 1.44 FMA-UE Intervention group: 34.65 ± 19.80 Comparator group: 27.06 ± 20.79 ARAT Intervention group: 23.18 ± 20.71 Comparator group: 13.3 ± 19.95 ARAT Grasp Intervention group: 4.60 ± 4.96 Comparator group: 2.68 ± 4.72 ARAT Grip Intervention group: 6.42 ± 7.20 Comparator group: 5.04 ± 7.38 ARAT Pinch Intervention group: 3.51 ± 3.21 Comparator group: 1.26 ± 2.82 BBT Intervention group: 11.40 ± 18.60 Comparator group: 9.60 ± 22.20 MAL (AOU) Intervention group: 12.18 ± 14.70 Comparator group: 20.72 ± 22.54 MAL (QOM) Intervention group: 10.36 ± 13.86 Comparator group: 21.28 ± 22.12 |
| Edwards et al. [12] | 1317 | NA | NA |
Primary Outcome FM Intervention group: 25.7 ± 16.3 Comparator group: 25.3 ± 16.3 Secondary Outcome WMFT Intervention group: 56.0 (47.2) Comparator group: 60.0 (48.3) |
NA | NA |
Primary Outcome FM Intervention group: 33.4 +—19.2 Comparator group: 32.0 +—18.8 Secondary Outcome WMFT Intervention group: 68.5 (23.2) Comparator group: 67.1 (54.0) |
| Garrido et al. [22] | 6 +—4 | moderate | NIHSS |
Primary Outcome FMA-MOTOR FUNCTION Intervention group: 45.9 ± 12.1 Comparator group: 44.0 ± 12.9 Secondary Outcome WMFT-FAS Intervention group: 44 ± 19 Comparator group: 42 ± 19 FIM Intervention group: 70 ± 22 Comparator group: 69 ± 21 |
NA | NA |
Primary Outcome FMA-MOTOR FUNCTION Intervention group: 58.7 8.0 Comparator group: 53.4 9.6 Secondary Outcome WMFT-FAS Intervention group: 63.5 15.6 Comparator group: 56.9 15.5 FIM Intervention group: 113.7 11.4 Comparator group: 103.4 20.9 |
| Kang et al. [13] | 26.01 ± 16.92 | NA | NA |
Primary Outcome FMA Intervention group: 28.13 ± 22.69 Comparator group: 29.78 ± 20.20 Secondary Outcome SAFE Intervention group: 4.50 ± 2.07 Comparator group: 4.44 ± 1.59 MBI Intervention group: 55.38 ± 14.78 Comparator group: 49.22 ± 20.28 Perdue Pegboard Intervention group: 1.13 ± 1.89 Comparator group: 1.00 ± 2.12 Finger Tapping Test Intervention group: 8.25 ± 10.04 Comparator group: 7.11 ± 13.07 |
NA | NA |
Primary Outcome FMA Intervention group: 39.88 ± 23.31 Comparator group: 33.44 ± 21.68 Secondary Outcome SAFE Intervention group: 5.63 ± 1.92 Comparator group: 4.89 ± 1.90 MBI Intervention group: 70.25 ± 16.25 Comparator group: 61.22 ± 18.13† Perdue Pegboard Intervention group: 2.75 ± 3.15 Comparator group: 1.22 ± 2.54 Finger Tapping Test Intervention group: 14 ± 12.57 Comparator group: 12.11 ± 15.66 |
| Ke et al. [21] | 12.05 ± 2.61 | NA | NA |
Primary Outcome FMA UE Long ITI rTMS group: 43.4 ± 21.3 Short ITI rTMS group: 34.5 ± 12.4 Sham group: 41.5 ± 20.5 Secondary Outcome BI Long ITI rTMS group: 54.1 ± 17.6 Short ITI rTMS group: 52.4 ± 21.1 Sham group: 45.6 ± 22.3 |
NA | NA | NA (graph) |
| Kim et al. [19] | NA | mild | NIHSS |
Primary Outcome BBT (median, IQR) Intervention group: 17 ± 28 Comparator group: 13 ± 27 Secondary Outcome FMA Intervention group: 41.2 ± 17.7 Comparator group: 40.2 ± 18.0 FTT (median, IQR) Intervention group: 14 ± 23 Comparator group: 13 ± 22 MAS Intervention group: 0 ± 0 Comparator group: 0 ± 1 |
Moderate | NIHSS | Only shows changes data in outcome |
| Kuo et al. [26] |
0.69 ± 0.18 23 (median) |
NA | NA | NA (graph) | NA | NA | NA (graph) |
| Liu et al. [23] | 261.3 ± 55.2 | NA | NA |
Primary Outcome FIM Intervention Group: 66.21 Comparator Group: 63.83 Secondary Outcome MMSE Intervention Group: 15.55 Comparator Group: 15.31 DST Intervention Group: 4.83 Comparator Group: 4.55 DS Intervention Group: Comparator Group: |
NA | NA |
Primary Outcome FIM Intervention Group: 83.90 Comparator Group: 69.55 Secondary Outcome MMSE Intervention Group: 18.62 Comparator Group: 16.51 DST Intervention Group: 8.59 Comparator Group: 5.31 DS Intervention Group: Comparator Group: |
| Luk et al. [18] | 107.7 ± 196.5 | NA | NA |
Primary Outcome MEP Intervention Group: 258.8 Comparator Group: 600.1 IHA Intervention Group: −0.39 Comparator Group: −0.06 FMA Intervention Group: 46.7 Comparator Group: 48.8 Secondary Outcome ARAT Intervention Group: 36.5 Comparator Group: 41.1 BBT Intervention Group: 17.2 Comparator Group: 33.8 RT Intervention Group: 985.8 Comparator Group: 654.1 |
NA | NA |
Primary Outcome MEP Intervention Group: 369.1 Comparator Group: 586 IHA Intervention Group: 0.04 Comparator Group: −0.21 FMA Intervention Group: 57.0 Comparator Group: 53.3 Secondary Outcome ARAT Intervention Group: 51.1 Comparator Group: 43.2 BBT Intervention Group: 34.8 Comparator Group: 41.8 RT Intervention Group: 837.3 Comparator Group: 637.9 |
| Meng et al. [25] | 34.8 ± 223.5 | moderate | NIHSS |
Primary Outcome UE-FMA (changes) Secondary Outcome BI (changes) MEP amplitude Real 1 Hz rTMS-Real iTBS: 1.14 ± 0.72 Real 1 Hz rTMS-Sham iTBS: 0.97 ± 0.33 Sham 1 Hz rTMS-Sham iTBS: 0.82 ± 0.24 MEP latency Real 1 Hz rTMS-Real iTBS: 24.5 ± 1.7 Real 1 Hz rTMS-Sham iTBS: 23.9 ± 1.7 Sham 1 Hz rTMS-Sham iTBS: 25.4 ± 1.5 |
Primary Outcome UE-FMA (changes) Secondary Outcome BI (changes) MEP amplitude Real 1 Hz rTMS-Real iTBS: 2.57 ± 0.63 Real 1 Hz rTMS-Sham iTBS: 1.87 ± 0.64 Sham 1 Hz rTMS-Sham iTBS: 1.22 ± 0.25 MEP latency Real 1 Hz rTMS-Real iTBS: 21.4 ± 2.1 Real 1 Hz rTMS-Sham iTBS: 22.3 ± 1.6 Sham 1 Hz rTMS-Sham iTBS: 25.0 ± 1.5: |
||
| Pinto et al. [20] | 291.41 ± 239.84 | moderate | NIHSS |
Primary Outcome JTHF Combined: 526.91 (279.92) Fluoxetine: 594.06 (195.28) Placebo: 439.39 (306.43) FMA Combined: 27 (14.89) Fluoxetine: 25.67 (11.67) Placebo: 33.75 (14.68) Secondary Outcome MAS Combined: NA Fluoxetine: NA Placebo: NA BDI median (min–max) Combined: 7 (0–30) Fluoxetine: 4 (0–12) Placebo: 11 (3–14) MMSE Combined: 29.11 (1.36) Fluoxetine: 29.38 (1.41) Placebo: 29 (1.2) HDRS Combined: 5.77 (3.7) Fluoxetine: 4.3 (3.02) Placebo: 6.75 (3.81) |
NA | NIHSS | NA (Changes) |
| Qin et al. [9] | 96 ± 54.3 | NA | NA |
MAS Intervention Group: 1.76 ± 0.45 Comparator Group: 1.78 ± 0.51 FMA UE Intervention Group: 25.33 ± 9.91 Comparator Group: 23.64 ± 7.61 MBI Intervention Group: 35.13 ± 16.25 Comparator Group: 32.14 ± 13.41 |
NA | NA |
MAS Intervention Group: 1.53 ± 0.48 Comparator Group: 1.57 ± 0.64 FMA UE Intervention Group: 35.26 ± 7.43 Comparator Group: 28.57 ± 7.00 MBI Intervention Group: 50.80 ± 14.27 Comparator Group: 341.21 ± 12.49 |
| Rosso et al. [16] | 8640 ± 12,540 (days) | NA | NA |
Primary Outcome JTHFT JTHFT Intervention Group: 5.92 ± 6.95 Comparator Group: 9.03 ± 11.7 Secondary Outcome GS GS Intervention Group: 0.37 ± 0.27 Comparator Group: 0.37 ± 0.26 |
NA | NA |
Primary Outcome JTHFT JTHFT Intervention Group: 5.31 ± 6.66 Comparator Group: 10.14 ± 12.38 Secondary Outcome GS GS Intervention Group: 0.53 ± 0.27 Comparator Group: 0.41 ± 0.29 |
| Vink et al. [17] | 14.3 ± 4.3 | NA | NA |
Primary Outcome ARAT Intervention Group: 11.5 ± 16.6 Comparator Group: 13.2 ± 16.8 Secondary Outcome JTHFT Intervention Group: 104.3 ± 28.9 Comparator Group: 97.6 ± 35.8 NHPT Intervention Group: 1.3 ± 3.7 Comparator Group: 2.1 ± 4.9 BI Intervention Group: 12.6 ± 3.9 Comparator Group: 12.3 ± 4.5 JTHFT Intervention Group: 104.3 ± 28.9 Comparator Group: 97.6 ± 35.8 mRS (median, IQR) Intervention Group: 4 ± 1 Comparator Group: 4 ± 1 Stroke Upper Limb Capacity score Intervention Group: 2.9 ± 2.7 Comparator Group: 3.3 ± 3.0 |
NA | NA | Data were given in graph |
| Wang et al. [14] | 60—90 days | severe | BI |
Primary Outcome FMA HF Group: 22.3 ± 8.4 LF Group: 18.0 ± 11.8 Sham Group: 19.2 ± 6.8 Secondary Outcome RMS-SEMG *Exetensor digitorum Median (Quartile) HF Group: 2.26 LF Group: 3.9 Sham Group: 2.10 BI HF Group: 35.0 ± 6.3 LF Group: 31.3 ± 11.6 Sham Group; 31.7 ± 6.71.7 |
Primary Outcome FMA HF Group: 33.7 ± 9.8 LF Group: 22.7 ± 12.7 Sham Group: 22.0 ± 8.1 Secondary Outcome RMS-SEMG *Exetensor digitorum Median (Quartile) HF Group: 4.31 LF Group: 5.8 Sham Group: 4.11 BI HF Group: 46.7 ± 6.2 LF Group: 35.7 ± 11.9 Sham Group: 33.1 ± 8.4 |
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| Wang et al. [24] | 2.08 ± 0.71 | NA | NA |
Only Low CST integrity available FMA-UE High Frequency rTMS: 8.70 ± 1.70 Low Frequency rTMS: 8.56 ± 1.89 Sham rTMS: 8.72 ± 1.77 WMFT High Frequency rTMS: 11.70 ± 1.06 Low Frequency rTMS: 11.33 ± 1.58 Sham rTMS: 11.70 ± 1.73 MBI High Frequency rTMS: 39.00 ± 5.32 Low Frequency rTMS: 40.00 ± 5.33 Sham rTMS: 39.00 ± 5.16 |
NA | NA | NA (graph) |
| Wu et al. [8] | 14—180 days | NA | NA |
FMA-UE rTMS combined with cervical nerve root magnetic stimulation group: 14.80 ± 4.38 rTMS group: 15.47 ± 3.48 cervical nerve root stimulation group: 15.33 ± 3.99 sham group: 14.93 ± 3.94 WMFT rTMS combined with cervical nerve root magnetic stimulation group: 12.53 ± 3.68 rTMS group: 12.27 ± 3.90 cervical nerve root stimulation group: 11.60 ± 4.58 sham group: 12.33 ± 4.67 MBI rTMS combined with cervical nerve root magnetic stimulation group: 36.13 ± 9.47 rTMS group: 35.33 ± 7.16 cervical nerve root stimulation group: 36.67 ± 7.11 sham group: 35.87 ± 6.66 |
NA | NA |
FMA-UE rTMS combined with cervical nerve root magnetic stimulation group: 38.80 ± 3.78 rTMS group: 34.73 ± 5.48 cervical nerve root stimulation group: 33.53 ± 5.95 sham group: 30.70 ± 5.65 WMFT rTMS combined with cervical nerve root magnetic stimulation group: 40.07 ± 6.41 rTMS group: 35.93 ± 4.06 cervical nerve root stimulation group: 33.27 ± 4.09 sham group: 31.87 ± 4.31 MBI rTMS combined with cervical nerve root magnetic stimulation group: 87.07 ± 6.69 rTMS group: 83.67 ± 7.42 cervical nerve root stimulation group: 81.67 ± 6.80 sham group: 78.47 ± 7.76 |
| Yang et al. [10] | 30—180 days | NA | NA |
JTHFT HF rTMS + hand grip training M1: 399 ± 256 HF rTMS: 323 ± 254 Hand grip training: 373 ± 238 Grip Force Scaling HF rTMS + hand grip training M1: 58 ± 47 HF rTMS: 45 ± 43 Hand grip training: 58 ± 45 FMA-UE HF rTMS + hand grip training M1: 47 ± 6 HF rTMS: 47 ± 8 Hand grip training: 47 ± 7 |
NA | NA |
JTHFT HF rTMS + hand grip training M1: 259 ± 200 HF rTMS: 270 ± 235 Hand grip training: 344 ± 229 Grip Force Scaling HF rTMS + hand grip training M1: 33 ± 37 HF rTMS: 37 ± 40 Hand grip training: 56 ± 47 FMA-UE HF rTMS + hand grip training M1: 57 ± 5 HF rTMS: 53 ± 8 Hand grip training: 51 ± 7 |
a-tDCS anodal transcranial direct current stimulation, BL-tDCS bilateral transcranial direct current stimulation, CIMT constraint induced movement therapy, CL contralesional, c-tDCS cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation, IL ipsilesional, M1 primary motor cortex, N.A not available, NIBS non-invasive brain stimulation, p/s pulses/session, RMT resting motor threshold, AMT active motor threshold, rPNS repeated peripheral nerve stimulation, rTMS repeated transcranial magnetic stimulation, s-rTMS sham repeated transcranial magnetic stimulation, HF high frecuency, LF low frequency, s-tDCS sham transcranial direct current stimulation, tDCS transcranial direct current stimulation, FMA-UE fugl-meyer assessment for upper extremity, JTHFT jjebsen-taylor hand function test, ARAT action research arm test, NHPT nine hole peg test, NIHSS national institutes of health stroke scale, BBT box block test, MAS modified ashworth Scale, BI barthel index, MBI modified barthel index, WMFT wolf motor function test, mRS modified rankin scale, MRC medical research council scale, SIS Stroke Impact Scale, MMSE mini-mental state examination, HDRS hamilton depression rating scale, CNRMS cervical nerve root magnetic stimulation, CG control group, MSO maximal stimulator output, Data are given as n and mean ± SD