Table 2.

Interventions reported in the included studies exploring the impact of preoperative cognitive behavioral therapy on patient-reported outcomes for patients scheduled for lumbar spine fusion surgery

Study cohort	CBT group intervention timing	Mode of Delivery of CBT group intervention	CBT group intervention Content	Control group intervention timing	Mode of Delivery of Control group intervention	Control group intervention Content
Lotzke H et al., 2019 [22]	Pre-op + post-op	- Four 1-hour in-person sessions at a spine clinic before surgery - One 30-minute telephone session 2 weeks after surgery	- Predefined structure with specific aims - Cognitive-behavioral techniques - Delivered by an experienced physical therapist with additional training in CBT	Pre-op only	- Single session with a physical therapist at the surgical clinic	- Information about postoperative mobilization routine - Introduction to core exercise program - Encouragement to stay active and perform recommended exercises before surgery
Strøm J et al., 2019 [23]	Pre-op + post-op	- Web-based intervention (w-SPIINA) - Access through designated website − 15-minute introduction at baseline - PLUS the control group intervention	- Animated information (16 min, 17 sequences) - Internet support group (ISG) - Diary for tracking pain and physical ability - Designed to reduce anxiety, catastrophic thoughts, and misconceptions - Peer support from former patients as facilitators	Pre-op + post-op	− 2-hour joint session 1 to 5 weeks before surgery - Supervised physical rehabilitation starting at 12 weeks postoperatively	- Information on operative and anesthetic procedure, course of treatment, medication, postoperative training, and restrictions - Oral presentation supported by slides and written handouts - Delivered by nurses, physiotherapists, and occupational therapists
Rolving N et al., 2016 [24]	Pre-op + post-op	- Six 3-hour group sessions − 4 sessions preoperatively − 2 sessions postoperatively - PLUS the control group intervention	- Interaction of cognition and pain perception - Coping strategies - Pacing principles - Ergonomic directions - Return to work - Details about surgical procedure - Delivered by a multidisciplinary team (psychologist, occupational therapist, physiotherapist, social worker, spine surgeon, and previously operated patient) - Standardized sessions with some flexibility	Pre-op + post-op	- Preoperative information sessions - Postoperative rehabilitation starting 12 weeks after surgery	- Information about the operation, anesthetic procedure, medication, postoperative rehabilitation, and physical restrictions - Delivered by operating surgeon, nurses, physiotherapists, and occupational therapists − 8 weeks of postoperative supervised exercise (individual or group) at local rehabilitation centers or physiotherapy clinics