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. 2025 Oct 21;27(3):691–698. doi: 10.1007/s10198-025-01856-6

Table 4.

Mean (SE) costs estimates of productivity losses in the previous three months at two years post-stroke (n = 113)

mRS 0 (n = 15) mRS 1 (n = 20) mRS 2 (n = 46) mRS 3–5 (n = 32)
Paid work-HCA
 Presenteeism 152(111) 581(373) 171(89) 113(86)
 Absenteeism 2292(1317) 7317(2644) 12,330(1542) 21,640(1364)
 Total costs 2443(1377) 7898(2603) 12,500(1522) 21,753(1347)
Paid work-FCM
 Presenteeism 152(111) 581(373) 171(89) 113(86)
 Absenteeism 1732(1181) 0(0) 56(36) 0(0)
 Total costs 1884(1194) 581(373) 227(101) 113(86)
Unpaid work
 Total costs 80(61) 0(0) 604(198) 1497(397)

Abbreviations: FCMfriction cost method, HCAhuman capital approach, mRSmodified Rankin Scale

Note: Costs are in euros