Table 2.
Study characteristics: face-to-face counseling
| Author, year, country | Study design | Type of analysis | Perspective | Study population, sample size, age, sampling method | Intervention and control | Follow-up duration | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Face-to-face counseling | |||||||
|
Bauld, 2011 UK |
Observational study, simulation study (Markov) | CEA, CUA | Healthcare |
Smokers, NHS SCS participants in Glasgow, having set a quit date n = 1,785; follow-up: 22% Markov: 3.000 (Cohort, 1,000 each) |
I1: 7-weeks group therapy + pharmacotherapy I2: 12-weeks individual counseling by pharmacist + pharmacotherapy vs. unaided smoking cessation |
12 months (cycle) | |
|
Feldman, 2019 Sweden |
RCT, simulation study (Markov) | CEA, CUA | Society |
Smokers between 19–71 years, sufficient language skills n = 300, follow-up 84% (1 year), 80% (5–8 years), average age: 49 Recruitment in dental clinic or general practice |
High-intensive therapy (counseling in dental clinic) vs. low-intensive therapy (self-help materials) | 12 months 5–8 years | |
|
Gòmez-Martinez, 2024 Spain |
Non-randomized controlled study | CEA, CUA | Healthcare and society |
Smokers 18 years or older, average age: 49 Pharmacists assigned to the intervention when having received CAESAR-Training, recruitment by pharmacists n = 1078 (I: 278, K: 800) Follow-up: I: 54,32%, K: 60,88% |
Behavioral therapy + pharmacotherapy by pharmacists with CESAR training vs. usual care | 12 months | |
|
Nohlert, 2013 Sweden |
RCT, simulation study (Markov) | CEA, CUA | Healthcare and society |
Adult smokers, Average age: 49 n = 300, follow-up: 86% |
High-intensive therapy (counseling in dental clinic) vs. low-intensive therapy (self-help materials) No intervention |
12 months (cycle) | |
|
Olsen, 2006 Netherlands |
Simulation study (Markov) | CEA | Healthcare |
Adult smokers, average age: 48.6 n = 10,000 (cohort) |
SCS offered by hospitals, pharmacies, and other organizations, incl. group- and individual counseling, NRT vs. no intervention | 12 months (cycle) | |
|
Salize, 2009 Germany |
Cluster RCT | CEA | Healthcare |
General practice patients between 36–75 years, daily smokers + GP visit for health examination = 577 Recruitment through participating GPs |
I1: GP training + GP remuneration for each abstinent patient I2: GP Training + free NRT and/or Bupr I3: Combination I1 + I2 vs. usual care |
12 months | |
|
Virtanen, 2017 Sweden |
Cluster RCT, simulation study (Microsimulation + Markov) | CUA | Healthcare and society |
Smokers between 20–75 years n = 205 (I: 99, C: 106) Dental clinics assigned to intervention or control |
Minimal counseling in dental clinic vs. usual care | 6 months | |
| Digital counseling | |||||||
|
Feenstra, 2005 Netherlands |
Simulation study (Microsimulation) | CEA, CUA |
Society (only direct healthcare costs) |
Smokers n = 1,000 (cohort) |
I1: Telephone counseling I2: Minimal counseling I3: Minimal counseling + NRT I4: Intensive counseling + NRT I5: Intensive counseling + Bupr vs. usual care |
12 months (cycle) | |
|
Rasmussen, 2013 Denmark |
Observational study, simulation study (Microsimulation) | CEA | Healthcare |
Quitline callers, smokers n = 386, follow-up: 76.9% First 100 callers per quarter |
Telephone counseling vs. other SCS | 12 months (cycle) | |
|
Smit, 2013 Netherlands |
RCT | CEA, CUA | Healthcare |
Smokers, 18 years or older, motivated to quit, sufficient language skills, internet access, average age: 48 years n = 414 (I1: 163, I2: 132, K: 119), follow-up: 55,8% Recruitment by Practice Nurse |
I1: Web-based and personalized program + one counseling session with Practice Nurse I2: Web-based and personalized program vs. usual care |
12 months | |
|
Stanczyk, 2014 Netherlands |
RCT | CEA, CUA | Society |
Daily smokers, 18 years or older, motivated to quit, sufficient language skills, internet access, average age: 45.7 years n = 2,099 (I1: 670, I2: 708, K: 721) follow-up: (I1: 54%, I2: 60%, C: 58.5%) Enrollment via the study website |
I1: Video-based and personalized program I2: Text-based and personalized program vs. general advise |
12 months | |
|
Tomson, 2004 Sweden |
Observational study | CEA | Healthcare |
Smokers, Quitline callers n = 1.131 |
Telephone counseling via Quitline | 12 months | |
|
Trapero-Bertran, 2018 Spain |
Simulation study (Markov) | CUA, CBA | Society |
Smokers, 16 years or older n = 3.1 Mio (Cohort) Total estimated adult smokers, motivated to quit within the next 12 months |
I1: Usual care: minimal physician counseling + self-help materials I2: Proactive telephone counseling I3: NRT; I4: Var; I5: Bupr vs. unaided smoking cessation |
12 months (cycle) | |
|
Wu, 2014 UK |
RCT, Simulation study (Markov) | CUA | Healthcare |
Smokers between 18–65 years n = 6,911, follow-up: 77% Invitation to a random sample of GP patients |
Computer-based intervention (ESCAPE) vs. general information | 6 months | |
| Reimbursement | |||||||
|
Cadier, 2016 France |
Simulation study (Markov) | CEA | Healthcare |
Smokers between 15–75 years n = 1,000 (Cohort) |
Reimbursement of medication vs. usual care (€50 reimbursement) | 12 months (cycle) | |
|
Chevreul, 2014 France |
Simulation study (Markov) | CEA | Healthcare | Smokers between 15–75 years | Reimbursement of medication and 6 individual counseling sessions vs. usual care (€50 reimbursement) | 12 months (cycle) | |
|
Gebreslassie, 2023 Sweden |
Simulation study (Markov) | CUA | Healthcare and society | Smokers, 16 years or older | Reimbursement of NRT for 3 months vs. usual care | 5 years (cycle) | |
|
Kaper, 2006 Netherlands |
RCT | CEA, CUA | Society |
Smokers, 18 years or older, average age: 40 n = 1,266 (I: 634, C: 632), follow-up: I: 81.5%, C: 73.1% Random sample |
Reimbursement (NRT, Burp, counseling) for 6 months vs. usual care: no reimbursement | 12 months | |
|
Vemer, 2010 Netherlands |
Simulation study (Microsimulation) | CEA, CUA | Healthcare |
Smokers, 16 years or older n = 3.8 Mio. (cohort) Estimated smokers in the Netherlands |
Reimbursement (NRT, Burp, counseling) for 6 months vs. usual care: no reimbursement | 12 months (cycle) | |
| Awareness building | |||||||
|
Gilbert, 2017 Wu, 2018 UK |
RCT, simulation study (Markov) | CUA | Healthcare |
Smokers 16 years or older, willing to quit, have not attended NHS Stop Smoking Services (SSS) within the last 12 months, average age: 49.3 n = 4,383 (I: 2,635, C: 1,748), follow-up: 76.9% Invitations to participate sent to GP patients |
NHS SSS Start to quit (personalized letter by GP + invitation to join a “come and try” meeting) ->proactive recruitment vs. standard letter by GP to inform about local SSS | 6 months | |
|
Kotz, 2011 UK |
Observational study, simulation study (Microsimulation) | CEA | Healthcare |
Smoking Toolkit Study (STS) participants; daily or occasional smokers n = 3,981 (I: 1,309, C: 2,672) Cluster sampling |
No Smoking Day: annual nationwide marketing campaign vs. usual care | 12 months (cycle) | |
|
Nèmeth, 2018 Hungary |
Simulation study (Markov) | CEA, CUA, CBA | Society | Smokers, 18 years or older |
I1: Nationwide marketing campaign I2: Double group therapy and proactive telephone counseling I3: Combination I1 + I2 vs. usual care |
12 months (cycle) | |
C control group, CBA Cost-Benefit Analysis, CEA Cost-Effectiveness Analysis, CESAR Cost-effectiveness of a Tobacco Cessation Care Service in the Community Pharmacy, CUA Cost-Utility Analysis, GP General practitioner, I Intervention Group, SSS NHS Stop Smoking Services, SCS Smoking Cessation support, STS Smoking Toolkit Study, UK United Kingdom