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. 2026 Apr 14;22:57. doi: 10.1186/s13002-026-00884-7

Table 2.

Brazilian Indigenous Lands (ILs) documented with fire management practices, showing the state, biome, functional category, and corresponding bibliographic references

Indigenous Lands (IL) State Biome Functional category Reference
Xavante Mato Grosso (MT) Cerrado Hunting and Fruiting Welch [73],
Kayapó Pará (PA) Amazon Hunting and Fruiting + Ecological/Restorative Posey [58],
Krahô Tocantins (TO) Cerrado Agricultural + Hunting and Fruiting Mistry et al., [47]
Irantxe Mato Grosso (MT) Cerrado Agricultural + Hunting and Fruiting Falleiro. [26]
Myky Mato Grosso (MT) Cerrado Agricultural + Hunting and Fruiting Falleiro. [26]
Paresí Mato Grosso (MT) Cerrado Agricultural + Hunting and Fruiting Falleiro. [26]
Tirecatinga Mato Grosso (MT) Cerrado Agricultural + Hunting and Fruiting Falleiro. [26]
Utiariti Mato Grosso (MT) Cerrado Agricultural + Hunting and Fruiting Falleiro. [26]
Kuikuro Mato Grosso (MT) Amazon Agricultural + Ecological/Restorative Carneiro [13],
Munduruku Amazonas (AM) Amazon Ecological/Restorative Frikel [33],
Tikuna Amazonas (AM) Amazon Agricultural + Ecological/Restorative Hammond et al., [35]
Tuyuka Amazonas (AM) Amazon Agricultural + Ecological/Restorative Schmidt [65],
Yanomami Roraima (RR) Amazon Hunting and Fruiting + Ecological/Restorative Frikel [33],
Aruak Amazonas (AM) Amazon Ecological/Restorative Frikel [33],
Maku Acre (AC) Amazon Agricultural + Ecological/Restorative Frikel [33],
Kadiwéu Mato Grosso do Sul (MS) Pantanal Agricultural + Ecological/Restorative Frikel [33],
Canela Maranhão (MA) Cerrado Agricultural + Ecological/Restorative Frikel [33],
Povos do Alto Xingu Mato Grosso (MT) Amazon Agricultural + Hunting and Fruiting + Ecological/Restorative Frikel [33],
Kawaiwete Mato Grosso (MT) Amazon Agricultural Denevan [20],
Kokama Amazonas (AM) Amazon Agricultural Noda et al., [52]
Kuikuro Mato Grosso (MT) Amazon Agricultural Schmidt and Heckenberger [66],
Pataxó Bahia (BA) Atlantic Forest Prevention and Territorial Defense Falleiro et al., [28]
Macuxi Roraima (RR) Amazon Hunting and Fruiting + Cultural/Ritual + Prevention and Territorial Defense Falleiro et al., [28]
Taurepang Roraima (RR) Amazon Agricultural + Hunting and Fruiting + Prevention and Territorial Defense Falleiro et al., [28]
Povos do Lavrado Mato Grosso (MT) Cerrado Agricultural + Prevention and Territorial Defense Falleiro et al., [28]
Povos da Bacia do Xingu Mato Grosso (MT) Cerrado Agricultural + Prevention and Territorial Defense Falleiro et al., [28]
Povos da Bacia do Araguaia Pará (PA) Cerrado Agricultural + Prevention and Territorial Defense Falleiro et al., [28]
Kadiwéu Mato Grosso (MT) Cerrado Agricultural + Prevention and Territorial Defense Falleiro et al., [28]
Xavante Mato Grosso (MT) Cerrado Agricultural + Hunting and Fruiting + Prevention and Territorial Defense Falleiro et al., [28]
Kayapó Pará (PA) Amazon Agricultural + Prevention and Territorial Defense + Ecological/Restorative Falleiro et al., [28]
Juruna Mato Grosso (MT) Amazon Agricultural + Hunting and Fruiting + Prevention and Territorial Defense Falleiro et al., [28]
Nambikwara Mato Grosso (MT) Cerrado Agricultural + Hunting and Fruiting + Prevention and Territorial Defense Falleiro et al., [28]
Paresi Mato Grosso (MT) Cerrado Agricultural + Prevention and Territorial Defense Falleiro et al., [28]
Manoki (Irantxe) Mato Grosso (MT) Cerrado Agricultural + Hunting and Fruiting + Cultural/Ritual + Prevention and Territorial Defense Falleiro et al., [28]
Myky Mato Grosso (MT) Cerrado Agricultural + Hunting and Fruiting + Prevention and Territorial Defense Falleiro et al., [28]
Kawaieté Mato Grosso (MT) Amazon Prevention and Territorial Defense Falleiro et al., [28]
Enawenê-Nawê Mato Grosso (MT) Cerrado Agricultural + Prevention and Territorial Defense Falleiro et al., [28]
Krahô Tocantins (TO) Cerrado Cultural/Ritual + Prevention and Territorial Defense Falleiro et al., [28]
Wapichana Roraima (RR) Amazon Agricultural + Hunting and Fruiting + Cultural/Ritual + Prevention and Territorial Defense Falleiro et al., [28]
Akrãtikatêjê Pará (PA) Amazon Prevention and Territorial Defense Falleiro et al., [28]
Rikbaktsa Mato Grosso (MT) Cerrado Cultural/Ritual + Prevention and Territorial Defense Falleiro et al., [28]
Suruí Pará (PA) Amazon Cultural/Ritual + Prevention and Territorial Defense Falleiro et al., [28]
Karitana Roraima (RR) Amazon Cultural/Ritual + Prevention and Territorial Defense Falleiro et al., [28]
Xavante Mato Grosso (MT) Cerrado Hunting and Fruiting + Cultural/Ritual + Ecological/Restorative Welch et al., [74]
Kayapó Pará (PA) Amazon Agricultural + Hunting and Fruiting + Cultural/Ritual + Ecological/Restorative Leonel [43],
Nambikwara Mato Grosso (MT) Cerrado Hunting and Fruiting + Prevention and Territorial Defense Leonel [43],
Xavante Mato Grosso (MT) Cerrado Hunting and Fruiting + Cultural/Ritual Leonel [43],
Avá-Guarani São Paulo (SP) Atlantic Forest Agricultural + Cultural/Ritual Leonel [43],
Avá-Guarani Paraná (PR) Atlantic Forest Agricultural + Cultural/Ritual Leonel [43],
Avá-Guarani Santa Catarina (SC) Atlantic Forest Agricultural + Cultural/Ritual Leonel [43],
Avá-Guarani Rio Grande do Sul (RS) Atlantic Forest Agricultural + Cultural/Ritual Leonel [43],
Desana Amazonas (AM) Amazon Agricultural + Cultural/Ritual + Ecological/Restorative Leonel [43],
Munduruku Amazonas (AM) Amazon Agricultural + Ecological/Restorative Leonel [43],
Kamaiurá Mato Grosso (MT) Amazon Agricultural + Ecological/Restorative Leonel [43],
Bororo Mato Grosso (MT) Cerrado Cultural/Ritual Leonel [43],
Suruí Rondônia (RO) Amazon Agricultural + Ecological/Restorative Leonel [43],
Guajá Maranhão (MA) Amazon Agricultural + Ecological/Restorative Leonel [43],
Kadiwéu Mato Grosso do Sul (MS) Pantanal Prevention and Territorial Defense + Ecological/Restorative Oliveira et al., [53]
Xerente Tocantins (TO) Cerrado Agricultural + Prevention and Territorial Defense Carvalho et al., [18]
Bakairi Mato Grosso (MT) Cerrado Hunting and Fruiting Falleiro et al., [29]
Xerente Tocantins (TO) Cerrado Hunting and Fruiting + Prevention and Territorial Defense Falleiro et al., [29]
Krahô Tocantins (TO) Cerrado Hunting and Fruiting + Prevention and Territorial Defense Falleiro et al., [29]
Paresi Mato Grosso (MT) Cerrado Hunting and Fruiting + Prevention and Territorial Defense Falleiro et al., [29]
Gavião Maranhão (MA) Cerrado Hunting and Fruiting + Prevention and Territorial Defense Falleiro et al., [29]
Guajajara Maranhão (MA) Cerrado Hunting and Fruiting + Prevention and Territorial Defense Falleiro et al., [29]
Krikati Maranhão (MA) Cerrado Hunting and Fruiting Falleiro et al., [29]
Kanela Maranhão (MA) Cerrado Prevention and Territorial Defense Falleiro et al., [29]
Alto Xingu Mato Grosso (MT) Cerrado Prevention and Territorial Defense Falleiro et al., [29]
Araguaia Tocantins (TO) Cerrado Prevention and Territorial Defense Falleiro et al., [29]
Avá-Canoeiro Goiás (Go) Cerrado Prevention and Territorial Defense Falleiro et al., [29]
Juininha Mato Grosso (MT) Cerrado Hunting and Fruiting + Prevention and Territorial Defense Falleiro et al., [29]
Utiariti Mato Grosso (MT) Cerrado Prevention and Territorial Defense Falleiro et al., [29]
Apinajé Tocantins (TO) Cerrado Hunting and Fruiting Falleiro et al., [29]
Porquinhos Maranhão (MA) Cerrado Hunting and Fruiting Falleiro et al., [29]
Governador/Krikati Maranhão (MA) Cerrado Prevention and Territorial Defense Falleiro et al., [29]
Araribóia Maranhão (MA) Cerrado Prevention and Territorial Defense Falleiro et al., [29]
Guajajara Maranhão (MA) Cerrado Agricultural + Prevention and Territorial Defense Fernandes et al., [32]
Awá-Guajá Maranhão (MA) Cerrado Agricultural + Prevention and Territorial Defense Fernandes et al., [32]
Gavião Pykopjê Maranhão (MA) Cerrado Prevention and Territorial Defense Fernandes et al., [32]
Tabajara Maranhão (MA) Cerrado Prevention and Territorial Defense Fernandes et al., [32]
Krikati Maranhão (MA) Cerrado Agricultural + Prevention and Territorial Defense Fernandes et al., [32]
Xerente and Funil Tocantins (TO) Cerrado Prevention and Territorial Defense + Ecological/Restorative Espada et al., [25]
Gavião Maranhão (MA) Cerrado Prevention and Territorial Defense Espada et al., [25]
Bororo Mato Grosso (MT) Pantanal Cultural/Ritual + Agricultural Botelho et al., [10]
Guató Mato Grosso (MT) Pantanal Hunting and Fruiting + Agricultural Botelho et al., [10]
Guató Mato Grosso do Sul (MS) Pantanal Hunting and Fruiting + Agricultural Botelho et al., [10]
Terena Mato Grosso do Sul (MS) Pantanal Agricultural + Prevention and Territorial Defense Botelho et al., [10]
Kadiwéu Mato Grosso do Sul (MS) Pantanal Cultural/Ritual + Prevention and Territorial Defense Botelho et al., [10]
Guarani-Kaiowá/Chamacoco Mato Grosso do Sul (MS) Pantanal Hunting and Fruiting Botelho et al., [10]
Macro-Jê Mato Grosso (MT) Pantanal Agricultural + Ecological/Restorative Botelho et al., [10]
Macro-Jê Mato Grosso do Sul (MS) Pantanal Agricultural + Ecological/Restorative Botelho et al., [10]
Aruak Mato Grosso (MT) Pantanal Agricultural + Ecological/Restorative Botelho et al., [10]
Aruak Mato Grosso do Sul (MS) Pantanal Agricultural + Ecological/Restorative Botelho et al., [10]
Xaraés Mato Grosso (MT) Pantanal Agricultural + Ecological/Restorative Botelho et al., [10]
Xaraés Mato Grosso do Sul (MS) Pantanal Agricultural + Ecological/Restorative Botelho et al., [10]

Functional categories refer to the main uses and meanings attributed to fire, agricultural, hunting and fruiting, cultural, preventive, or ecological