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. 2026 May 8;17:1826834. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2026.1826834

Figure 2.

Line graph comparing potassium ion leakage percentage in Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium exposed to increasing concentrations of BMAP-28; both species plateau near 50% leakage after 20 micrograms per milliliter.

BMAP-28 causes rapid membrane permeabilization of E. faecium as assessed by LIVE/DEAD staining. (A) Representative fluorescence micrographs of E. faecium stained with SYTO 9 (green; membrane-intact cells) and propidium iodide (PI; red; membrane-compromised cells) after incubation in PBS (negative control), with BMAP-28, or with isopropanol (positive control). Images show the SYTO 9 channel (top), PI channel (middle), and merged images (bottom). Scale bars, 50 μm. (B) Quantification of membrane-compromised cells expressed as the percentage of PI-positive cells. Cells were classified as PI-positive based on a fluorescence intensity threshold determined from PBS-treated controls (mean + 2 SD). Points represent individual fields of view, and horizontal bars indicate mean ± SD (n = 5). ** indicates p < 0.01 compared with PBS control.