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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2026 May 23.
Published in final edited form as: Appl Phys Rev. 2025 Nov 6;12(4):041312. doi: 10.1063/5.0244025

FIG. 2.

FIG. 2.

Resolving protein structures by vibrational spectroscopy. (a) The amide I region is sensitive to protein secondary structure. Reproduced with permission from Barth, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1767(9), 1073–1101 (2007); Kong and Yu, Acta Biochim. Biophys. Sin. 39(8), 549–559 (2007); Yang et al., Nat. Protoc. 10(3), 382–396 (2015); Maiti et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 126(8), 2399–2408 (2004). Copyright Authors, Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license.28–31 (b) IR spectroscopy can differentiate a cross-β fold in amyloid fibrils from the native β-sheet in GFP. (c) IR spectroscopy can differentiate oligomers from mature fibrils. (d) Typical IR and Raman spectra of biological materials. Left: Reproduced with permission from Al-Kelani and Buthelezi, Skin Res. Technol. 30(6), e13733 (2024). Copyright 2024 Willey.32 Right: Reproduced with permission from Xu et al., Cancers 13(7), 1718 (2021). Copyright 2021 MDPI.33