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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2026 May 23.
Published in final edited form as: Appl Phys Rev. 2025 Nov 6;12(4):041312. doi: 10.1063/5.0244025

FIG. 5.

FIG. 5.

Spontaneous and stimulated Raman spectroscopic studies of protein aggregations. (A) principle of spontaneous and stimulated Raman scattering. Spontaneous Raman spectroscopy detects inelastically scattered photons (in green) from the incident photon (in purple). The energy difference between pump (in blue) and Stokes (in orange) matches the energy of the vibrational mode. (B) Raman spectroscopy of α-synuclein fibrils with Parkinson’s disease-related mutations. Adapted with permission from Flynn et al., J. Biol. Chem. 293(3), 767–776 (2018).69 Copyright 2018 Elsevier. (C) CARS and 2P fluorescence imaging of Alzheimer’s disease human brain tissue stained with Thioflavin S. Scale bars, 25 μm. Reproduced with permission from Kiskis et al., Sci. Rep. 5(1), 13489 (2015).70 Copyright 2015 Springer Nature. (D) Label-free imaging of amyloid plaques in AD by SRS based on the blue shift of the amide I band. Reproduced with permission from Ji et al., Sci. Adv. 4(11), eaat7715 (2018).71 Copyright 2018 American Association for the Advancement of Science. (E) Selective labeling of htt aggregates by deuterated glutamine with and without tagging GFP. Scale bar: 10 μm. Reproduced with permission from Miao and Wei, ACS Cent. Sci. 6(4), 478–486 (2020).73 Copyright 2020 American Chemical Society.