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. 2026 Apr 2;13(9):nwag205. doi: 10.1093/nsr/nwag205

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© The Author(s) 2026. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of China Science Publishing & Media Ltd.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Conceptual diagram summarizing decision-oriented NCC research in China, showing its evolution from single-factor to integrated assessment, the positive interaction between theory and application, and future links with social-ecological systems and planetary boundaries. — Decision-oriented NCC research in China. (a) Conceptual evolution of NCC from single-factor to integrated assessment. (b) A virtuous interaction between NCC research and decision-making applications. (c) Two core characteristics driving the development of decision-oriented NCC research. (d) Future prospects for decision-oriented natural carrying capacity research.