Table 2.
Application of different engineering strategies.
| Engineering strategy | Types of ICTAs | Strategy | Cell source | Active composition | Application | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nanoengineering | Whole cell | Intracellular loading | BMDNs | IR780 molecules and TRP-2 peptide liposome | Melanoma | 215 |
| Whole cell | Extracellular loading | Th17 cells | Aminooxy-acetic acid | Multiple sclerosis | 216 | |
| Whole cell | Extracellular loading | NK-92MI cells | IL-21 nanoparticles | Burkitt's lymphoma tumor |
126 | |
| Whole cell | Extracellular loading | BMDNs | Urokinase-coupled silver nanoparticles | Thrombotic diseases | 123 | |
| Whole cell | Extracellular loading | RAW246.7 cells | E. coli Nissle 1917 | Breast tumor | 217 | |
| Whole cell | In vivo loading | Circulating monocytes | DOX·HCl | Glioblastomas (GBMs) | 131 | |
| Whole cell | In vivo loading | Circulating neutrophils | DNase I | Ischemic stroke | 218 | |
| Cell membrane | Membrane-encapsulated | Macrophages | Polylysine-modified BSA NPs | Type 2 diabetes (T2D) | 219 | |
| Cell membrane | Membrane-encapsulated | Circulating neutrophils | Celastrol | RA | 220 | |
| Cell membrane | Membrane-encapsulated | CTLL-2 cells | Curcumin | Melanoma | 221 | |
| Cell membrane | Membrane-encapsulated | BMDCs | Rapamycin | Glioma | 222 | |
| Cell membrane | Membrane-encapsulated | BMDCs, cancer cell | PLGA nanoparticles | Melanoma, HCC, cervical cancer | 223 | |
| EVs | Exosomes-encapsulated | NK-92MI cells | Cisplatin | Ovarian cancer | 224 | |
| EVs | Exosomes-encapsulated | RAW246.7 cells | Silibinin | AD | 225 | |
| EVs | Microvesicle-encapsulated | RAW246.7 cells | TNF-α and IL-6 siRNAs and PB nanoparticles | RA | 226 | |
| EVs | Surface-modified exosomes | BMDNs | Sub-5 nm ultrasmall PB nanoparticles | RA | 227 | |
| EVs | Surface-modified exosomes | DC2.4 cells | DOX and gefitinib | Lung cancer | 228 | |
| Genetic engineering | Cell | Viral transfection | Tregs | Insulin-specific CAR | T1D | 229 |
| Cell | Non-viral transfection | Peripheral blood B cells | Alpha-l-iduronidase | Mucopolysaccharidosis type I | 230 | |
| EVs | Viral transfection | hPB-T cells | EGFR and HER2 CAR | Breast tumor | 190 | |
| Genetic engineering & nanoengineering | Whole cell | Extracellular loading | Splenic T cells | CD19 CAR | Burkitt's lymphoma tumor |
231 |
| Whole cell | Extracellular loading | T Cells | Human interleukin-15 super-agonist | Melanoma | 232 | |
| Cell membrane | Membrane-encapsulated | CTLL-2 cells | IFN inducer ORY-1001 | Triple-negative breast cancer, melanoma, and colon cancer | 233 | |
| Cell membrane | Membrane-encapsulated | hPB-T cells | Glypican-3 CAR, IR780 loaded mesoporous silica materials | HCC | 234 | |
| Membrane-fused engineering | Whole cell | Cell-cell fusion | DC2.4 cells, Hepa1-6 cells | Tumor-associated antigens in HCC | HCC | 199 |
| Cell membrane | Cell-liposome fusion | RAW264.7 cells, lipidated peptides | Simvastatin | AS | 235 | |
| Membrane-fused engineering & nanoengineering | Cell membrane | Membrane-encapsulated | RAW264.7 cells, BMDNs | Rapamycin-loaded PLGA nanoparticles | Glioma | 236 |
BMDNs, bone marrow-derived neutrophils; TRP-2, tyrosinase-related protein 2 peptide; DOX, doxorubicin; BMDCs, bone marrow-derived DCs; CAR, chimeric antigen receptor; PLGA, poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid); DNase I, deoxyribonuclease I; BSA NPs, bovine serum albumin nanoparticles; PB, prussian blue nanoparticles; hPB-T cells, human peripheral blood T cells; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma.