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. 2026 May 11;17:1802250. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1802250

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Copyright © 2026 Liu, Zheng, Wang, Wang, Li, Li, Xue, Wang, She, Ye, Ruan, Fu and Sun.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Panel A displays histological lung sections from Sham and PAB groups stained with hematoxylin and eosin, with higher magnification insets showing alveolar structure differences. Panel B presents a scatter plot of mean linear intercept (MLI, micrometers) comparing P14-Sham and P14-PAB, indicating a significant increase in MLI in the PAB group. Panel C features a heatmap of log2 fold change in expression for selected alveolar marker genes (Ager, Pdpn, Sftpc, Sema3a) across individual samples from P14-PAB and P14-Sham groups, highlighting differential expression among AT1, AT2, and axon guidance molecule markers. — PHypo-induced alveolar hypoplasia at ALV4. (A) Representative hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining of lung tissues from P14 PAB and sham piglets. (B) Quantification of mean linear intercept (MLI). (C) Bulk RNA-seq of P14 lung tissues. ***: P ≤ 0.001.