. 2026 May 11;13:1835242. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2026.1835242

Table 3.

Comparison of WHOQOL-BREF domain scores (mean ± SD) before and 5 days after surgery across the four groups.

Group	n	Time	Physical health	Psychological	Social relationships	Environmental
Group A	30	Preop.	12.26 ± 2.14	11.85 ± 2.06	10.92 ± 1.88	11.53 ± 2.02
Group A	30	POD 5	16.53 ± 2.31*^#†	15.82 ± 2.15*^#†	14.76 ± 2.03*^#†	15.24 ± 2.12*^#†
Group B	30	Preop.	12.31 ± 2.18	11.92 ± 2.11	10.88 ± 1.92	11.47 ± 2.06
Group B	30	POD 5	15.14 ± 2.25*^#	14.35 ± 2.08*^#	13.29 ± 1.96*^#	14.02 ± 2.05*^#
Group C	30	Preop.	12.28 ± 2.20	11.89 ± 2.09	10.94 ± 1.90	11.56 ± 2.08
Group C	30	POD 5	13.82 ± 2.16*	13.11 ± 2.01*	12.08 ± 1.89*	12.85 ± 1.98*
Group D	30	Preop.	12.33 ± 2.17	11.95 ± 2.13	10.91 ± 1.93	11.50 ± 2.04
Group D	30	POD 5	12.45 ± 2.12	12.02 ± 2.05	11.03 ± 1.87	11.62 ± 1.99

WHOQOL-BREF, World Health Organization Quality of Life–Brief Version; Preop., preoperative; POD, postoperative day. *p < 0.05 vs. Group D; ^#p < 0.05 vs. Group C; ^†p < 0.05 vs. Group B.