Table 4.
Key LncRNAs and their mechanisms in Tamoxifen resistance in breast cancer
| Functional Category | LncRNA | Expression in Breast Cancer | Molecular Mechanism / Pathway | Outcome | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ceRNA Activity | CYTOR | UP | Sponges miR-125a-5p, ↑SRF, activates Hippo/MAPK | ↑Tamoxifen resistance, ↑Proliferation, Poor response | [117] |
| ROR | UP | Sponges miR-205, ↑ZEB1/2, promotes EMT | ↑Tamoxifen resistance, ↑Proliferation, ↑Invasion, ↑EMT | [118] | |
| SNHG6 | UP | Sponges miR-101, ↑Sox2/Oct4/EZH2, ↑EMT, ↑Stemness | ↑Tamoxifen resistance, ↑Proliferation, ↑Invasion, ↑EMT | [119] | |
| ADAMTS9-AS2 | DOWN | Sponges miR-130a-5p, ↑PTEN | ↑Tamoxifen sensitivity, ↓Proliferation, ↑Apoptosis | [120] | |
| ATXN8OS | UP | Sponges miR-16-5p, ↑VASP | ↑Tamoxifen resistance, ↑Invasion | [121] | |
| DSCAM-AS1 | UP | Sponges miR-137, ↑EPS8 | ↑Tamoxifen resistance, ↑Proliferation, ↓Apoptosis | [122] | |
| UCA1 | UP | Sponges miR-18a, ↑HIF1α, feed-forward loop | ↑Tamoxifen resistance, ↑Cell cycle progression | [123] | |
| MAFG-AS1 | UP | Sponges miR-339-5p, ↑CDK2, ↑FOXO1 phosphorylation | ↑Tamoxifen resistance, ↑Cell cycle, ↓Apoptosis | [124] | |
| Signaling Pathway Regulation | UCA1 | UP | Activates PI3K/AKT/CREB, AKT/mTOR, Wnt/β-catenin | ↑Tamoxifen resistance, ↑Survival, ↓Apoptosis | [126, 127] |
| 91 H | UP | Activates mTOR | ↑Tamoxifen resistance, ↑Proliferation, ↑Migration | [128] | |
| SBF2-AS1 | UP | Interacts with YBX1, activates PI3K/AKT/mTOR | ↑Tamoxifen resistance, ↑Proliferation | [129] | |
| TTN-AS1 | UP | ↓miR-107, ↑ZNRF2, activates PI3K/AKT | ↑Tamoxifen resistance, ↑Proliferation, ↑Invasion | [130] | |
| GAS5 | DOWN | Inhibits mTOR, ↑PTEN, ↑p-AMPK2 | ↑Tamoxifen sensitivity, ↓Proliferation | [131] | |
| HOTAIR | UP | Stabilizes ER, ↑ER chromatin occupancy, ↑HGF/c-Met/NF-κB | ↑Tamoxifen resistance, ↑Proliferation, ↑ER signaling | [133] | |
| LINP1 | UP | ↓ER expression, modulates ER signaling | ↑Tamoxifen resistance, ↑Proliferation, ↑Migration | [134] | |
| LINC00894-002 | DOWN | ↓miR-200a/b, ↑TGF-β2/ZEB1, activates EMT | ↑Tamoxifen resistance, ↑Invasion, ↑EMT | [135] | |
| LINC00626 | UP | ↑UPF1, represses PERK-ATF4-CHOP apoptotic pathway | ↑Tamoxifen resistance, ↓Apoptosis | [136] | |
| Epigenetic Modulation | HOTAIRM1 | UP | Interacts with EZH2, ↓H3K27me3 at HOXA1, ↑HOXA1 | ↑Tamoxifen resistance, ↑HOXA1, Biomarker potential | [13] |
| H19 | UP | ↑NAT1 promoter methylation, ↓NAT1, ↑DNMT3B, ↓Beclin1 | ↑Tamoxifen resistance, ↓Autophagy, Poor prognosis | [141, 142] | |
| AGPG | UP | Binds PURα, ↑E2F1 signaling | ↑Tamoxifen resistance, ↑Proliferation, Poor outcome | [143] | |
| Cellular Fate Determination | DILA1 | UP | Binds Cyclin D1, inhibits degradation | ↑Tamoxifen resistance, ↑Proliferation | [145] |
| SOX2OT | DOWN | Not via SOX2, mechanism unclear | ↑Tamoxifen resistance, ↑Aggressiveness, ↓Survival | [146] | |
| ROR | UP | Inhibits autophagy, ↓LC3/Beclin1, ↓P-gp, ↓GST-π | ↑Tamoxifen resistance, ↑Proliferation, ↑Invasion | [148] | |
| UCA1 (exosomal) | UP | Exosomal transfer, inhibits apoptosis in recipient cells | ↑Tamoxifen resistance, ↑Survival | [150] |