Table 2.

Overview of participant characteristics

Characteristic	Details
Total participants	100 (NOA, n = 60 and control, n = 40)
Preoperative assessments	Karyotyping, Y chromosome microdeletion analysis, FSH, LH, testosterone
Exclusion criteria	Cystic fibrosis, chromosomal abnormalities, Y microdeletions, and Hormonal therapy
NOA subgroups	SCOS (n = 20), HYPO (n = 20), MA (n = 20)
NOA sperm retrieval outcome	NOA⁺ (n = 29), NOA⁻ (n = 31)
Blood samples collected	3 ml from all individuals
NOA: Non-obstructive azoospermia, HYPO: Hypospermatogenesis, MA: Maturation arrest, SCOS: Sertoli cell-only syndrome, FSH: Follicle-stimulating hormone, LH: Luteinizing hormone