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. 2026 Apr 15;26:1689. doi: 10.1186/s12889-026-27280-w

Table 2.

Confirmatory factor analysis

Latent Variable Observed Ariable Unstd SE Z p Std SMC CR AVE Cronbach’ s α
PAL PAL1 1.00 0.89 0.81 0.93 0.81 0.93
PAL2 1.01 0.03 32.00 *** 0.90 0.82
PAL3 0.98 0.03 32.06 *** 0.90 0.82
SIC SIC1 1.00 0.93 0.86 0.92 0.80 0.93
SIC2 0.95 0.03 31.86 *** 0.87 0.77
SIC3 0.95 0.02 32.98 *** 0.87 0.76
ERA ERA1 1.00 0.88 0.77 0.92 0.79 0.92
ERA2 1.04 0.04 29.74 *** 0.89 0.81
ERA3 0.99 0.03 29.48 *** 0.89 0.79
PCS PCS1 1.00 0.92 0.85 0.93 0.81 0.93
PCS2 0.97 0.03 31.21 *** 0.88 0.77
PCS3 1.01 0.03 32.44 *** 0.89 0.80
BIS BIS1 1.00 0.89 0.80 0.94 0.80 0.94
BIS2 1.02 0.03 34.17 *** 0.91 0.83
BIS3 1.04 0.03 34.79 *** 0.92 0.84
BIS4 1.01 0.03 29.90 *** 0.86 0.74
CAL CAL1 1.00 0.87 0.75 0.95 0.81 0.95
CAL2 1.03 0.03 30.49 *** 0.89 0.78
CAL3 1.04 0.03 31.71 *** 0.90 0.81
CAL4 1.03 0.03 33.09 *** 0.92 0.85
CAL5 1.05 0.03 31.49 *** 0.90 0.81
SSL SSL1 1.00 0.95 0.90 0.95 0.86 0.95
SSL2 0.99 0.02 42.73 *** 0.93 0.87
SSL3 0.97 0.03 37.71 *** 0.89 0.79
PW PW1 1.00 0.93 0.86 0.96 0.88 0.96
PW2 1.01 0.02 45.04 *** 0.95 0.91
PW3 0.99 0.02 40.94 *** 0.93 0.85
SAS SAS1 1.00 0.92 0.86 0.96 0.85 0.96
SAS2 0.99 0.03 39.97 *** 0.91 0.84
SAS3 1.01 0.03 39.34 *** 0.92 0.83
SAS4 1.02 0.02 41.88 *** 0.93 0.87
DSMU DSMU1 1.00 0.92 0.85 0.94 0.83 0.94
DSMU2 1.01 0.03 39.97 *** 0.89 0.78
DSMU3 1.01 0.03 39.34 *** 0.93 0.86

PAL Physical Activity Level, SIC Social Interaction Competence, ERA Emotion Regulation Ability, PCS Positive Coping Strategies, BIS Body Image Satisfaction, CAL Cultural Adaptation Level, SSL Social Support Level, PW Psychological Wellbeing, SAS Study Abroad Satisfaction, DSMU Digital Social Media Use

***p < .001