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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2026 May 26.
Published in final edited form as: Int J Pharm. 2025 Jan 10;670:125196. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2025.125196

Fig. 2. Mechanical properties of GDP microcapsules.

Fig. 2.

a, Experimental scheme depicting the assays performed to evaluate the resistance of the membranes against outward and inward forces. AFM, atomic force microcopy. Created with BioRender.com. b, Representative bright-field images showing microcapsules before and after repeated osmotic shocks with ddH2O (5 cycles). Scale bar, 200 μm. c, Analysis plot from (b) expressing the number of cells released from microcapsules after explosion assay. Error bars, mean ± SD. ***, p < 0.001 in comparisons against the AP group; Unpaired, two-tailed t-test, n = 3 independent experiments per group. d, Analysis plot from (b) expressing the swelling degree of resistant microcapsules. ###, p < 0.001 for GDP-APP comparison; Mann–Whitney U test, n = 15 randomly taken microcapsules per group in 3 independent experiments. e, Data from compression assay showing the resistance of microcapsules to external pressures. Error bars, mean ± SD. *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01 in comparisons against the AP group; One-way ANOVA with Bonferroni multiple comparison correction, n ≥ 5 randomly taken microcapsules per group. f, Young’s Modulus of microcapsule surfaces measured by AFM. Error bars, mean ± SD. *, p < 0.05 for GDP-AP comparison; Unpaired, two-tailed t-test, n ≥ 3 randomly taken microcapsules per group.