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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2026 May 26.
Published in final edited form as: Int J Pharm. 2025 Jan 10;670:125196. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2025.125196

Fig. 3. Mass-transport in GDP microcapsules.

Fig. 3.

a, GDP microcapsules were studied in detail to rule out any negative effects on the inward and outward perm-selective function of the new membranes. Created with BioRender.com. b-e, Inward permeability study with dextrans of different molecular weights (MW) (20, 40, 70 and 150 kDa) conjugated with FITC (n = 5 randomly taken microcapsules per group and MW). MWCO, molecular weight cut-off. Error bars, mean ± SD. *, p < 0.05 for GDP-AP comparisons; #, p < 0.05 for GDP-APP comparisons. Unpaired, two-tailed t-test was used for 40 kDa, whereas Mann–Whitney U test was used for 20 kDa (non-normal data distribution). f, Outward diffusion of model therapeutic factor (hEPO) secreted by D1-MSC-hEPO immobilized in AP and GDP microcapsules (n = 3 samples per group in duplicate) for 28 days after encapsulation. Values are expressed as the percentage relative to AP group for each time-point. Error bars, mean ± SD. *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01; Unpaired, two-tailed t-test. g, Metabolic activity of D1-MSC-hEPO encapsulated in AP and GDP microcapsules (n = 5 samples per group) assessed at same time-points of (f). Error bars, mean ± SD. N.S. non-significant differences; Unpaired, two-tailed t-test. h,i Representative confocal fluorescence images of cells encapsulated in AP (h) and GDP (i) microcapsules and probed with LIVE/DEAD viability kit (Green, living cells; Red, dead cells) 28 days after encapsulation. Scale bars, 500 μm.