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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2026 May 26.
Published in final edited form as: Int J Pharm. 2025 Jan 10;670:125196. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2025.125196

Fig. 4. Proposed membrane nanostructure of GDP microcapsules.

Fig. 4.

The short cross-linking bridges mediated by genipin dimers create spaces between the PLL chains, thus enhancing the permeability of the membranes. In the proposed model, this structural modification gives rise to stable and more uniformly distributed pores of nearly 2.5 nm in diameter. This allows for maximized bi-directional diffusion of molecules below the well-established molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) of 70 kDa. Figure created with BioRender.com.