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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2026 May 26.
Published in final edited form as: Int J Pharm. 2025 Jan 10;670:125196. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2025.125196

Fig. 5. GPD microcapsules in vivo biocompatibility.

Fig. 5.

The GDP microcapsules and the intermediate control groups were implanted in the subcutaneous space of Balb/c mice (300 μL in sediment volume) and retrieved 14 days after to examine the cellular and fibrotic response. a, Representative Z-stacked confocal images of pericapsular overgrowth stained for cell nuclei (DAPI, blue) and F-actin (Phalloidin-Alexa Fluor 488, green). Crosslinked genipin in the GDP group emits red fluorescence. Scale bar, 400 μm. b-d, Flow cytometry analysis for total cell deposition (b) and infiltrated innate response cells marked with specific markers for neutrophils (CD68− / Ly6G+) (c) and macrophages (CD11b+ / CD68+) (d). Error bars, mean ± SD. N.S. non-significant differences; One-way ANOVA with Bonferroni multiple comparison correction, n = 4 mice per group. e, Representative images of Sirius Red stained histological sections indicative of collagen deposition (light red) around the microcapsules (n = 4 mice per group). Scale bar, 200 μm. f, Western blot bands showing α-SMA (fibrotic marker) and β-Actin (load control) expression in lysates from microcapsule surrounding tissues. g, Semi-quantitative analysis of α-SMA band intensities shown in (f) normalized to β-Actin. Error bars, mean ± SD. N.S. non-significant differences; One-way ANOVA with Bonferroni multiple comparison correction, n = 4 mice per group.