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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2026 May 26.
Published in final edited form as: Cell Rep. 2026 Apr 29;45(5):117329. doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2026.117329

Figure 2. Adaptaquin inhibits HCMV infection.

Figure 2.

(A) Dose response of cells were treated with adaptaquin (AQ) and infected with HCMV-GFP (AD169, MOI = 0.01). GFP-positive infected cells (red) and mock-infected cell number (black) are represented (mean, n = 4, ± SEM).

(B) Cell counts of uninfected fibroblasts treated with AQ for 5 days that were fixed and stained with Hoechst (mean ± SEM, n = 48).

(C) Uninfected fibroblasts were treated with Vehicle or AQ (750 nM) for 5 days. Cytotoxicity was assessed by (left) relative propidium iodide (PI) staining (normalized to methanol-fixed controls; n = 24) and (right) lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release (normalized to detergent-lysed maximum release controls; n = 4). Data are presented as the percentage of the positive control signal (mean ± SEM).

(D) Viral titer of fibroblasts infected with HCMV-GFP (AD169, MOI = 0.01) and treated with AQ (750 nM). Progeny production was assessed at 3, 9, and 14 days post-infection (mean ± SEM, n = 3). Data points at the limit of detection represent samples with undetectable viral titers.

(E) Viral titer of fibroblasts infected with HCMV-GFP (AD169, MOI = 3) and treated with AQ (750 nM). Progeny production was assessed at 5 days post-infection (mean ± SEM, n = 3).

(F and G) Viral spread and area under the curve of fibroblasts infected with HCMV-mCherry (TB40/E, MOI = 0.01) and treated with AQ (750 nM) (mean ± SEM, n = 5).

(H) Viral spread of fibroblasts lacking HIF1α expression and non-targeting (NTG) control cells infected with HCMV-GFP (AD169, MOI = 0.01) and treated with AQ (750 nM) (mean ± SEM, n = 10).

(I) Viral titer of fibroblasts lacking HIF1α expression and NTG control cells infected with HCMV-GFP (AD169, MOI = 3) and treated with AQ (750 nM). Progeny production was assessed at 5 days post-infection (mean ± SEM, n = 6).

(J) Viral titer of fibroblasts infected with HSV (MOI = 5, MOI = 0.05, respectively) and treated with AQ (750 nM). Progeny production was assessed 24 h post-infection (hpi) (mean ± SEM, n = 6).

(K) Viral titer of fibroblasts infected with OC43 (MOI = 1, MOI = 0.05, respectively) and treated with AQ (750 nM). Progeny production was assessed 24 hpi (mean ± SEM, n = 4, 3, respectively). The statistical significance is displayed as follows: *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001; ****p < 0.0001; ns, not significant.