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. 2026 Apr 9;16:16204. doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-46417-w

Table 1.

Hyper parameter grid for the selected model, used as a setting to train the model.

No Algorithm Hyper Parameter name Hyper parameter grid Best parameter
1 Random forest n_estimators [ 100, 500, 1000] 500
Criterion [‘gini’, ‘entropy’] Entropy
max_depth [None, 10] None
min_samples_split [5, 10] 5
min_samples_leaf [2, 5] 2
max_features [‘auto’, ‘sqrt’] Auto
2 Extreme gradient boosting n_estimators [ 100, 500, 1000] 100
learning_rate [0.1,0.3, 0.5,0.7, 1.0] 0.5
max_depth [None, 10] None
Subsample [0.9, 0.8, 0.7] 0.9
Gamma [0, 0.1, 0.5] 0.1
min_chlid_weight [1, 3, 5] 3
3 Extra tree n_estimators [ 100, 500, 1000] 1000
Criterion [‘gini’, ‘entropy’] Gini
min_samples_split [5, 10] 5
min_samples_leaf [2, 5] 2
max_depth [None, 10] None
max_features [‘auto’, ‘sqrt’] Auto
4 MLP Activation Function [Softmax, relu] Softmax
Learning Rate [0.001, 0.0001, 0.00001] 0.001
Number of layers [3, 4, 5] 5
hidden_layer_sizes [50,100] 50
Dropout rate [0.2, 0.3, 0.4] 0.3
l2_regs [0.001, 0.0001] 0.001
num_dense_layers [1, 2] 2
Batch size [8, 16, 32] 8