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. 2026 May 25;16:16132. doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-53082-6

Table 4.

Characterization of iSWAP, Inline graphic, and CNOT gates showing QPT fidelities (Inline graphic) and output state populations (Inline graphic) for the Inline graphic input. The Inline graphic gate shows the largest hardware fidelity drop (Inline graphic), while the CNOT gate exhibits the smallest (Inline graphic). All three gates show comparable Inline graphic degradation on hardware (Inline graphic).

Gate Process fidelity Inline graphic Inline graphic State preparation Inline graphic Inline graphic
Simulator (%) Hardware (%) (HW Drop) (%) Simulator (%) Hardware (%) (HW Drop) (%)
iSWAP (This study) 97.32 89.72 7.60 100.00 93.53 6.47
Inline graphic (This study) 98.02 87.65 10.37 100.00 92.44 7.56
CNOT 55 97.89 93.02 4.87 100.00 92.40 7.60