DNJ	1-deoxynojirimycin
AKT	Protein kinase B
DM	Diabetes mellitus
GLUT2	Glucose transporter 2
T2DM	Type 2 diabetes mellitus
PI3K	Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase
AMPK	AMP-activated protein kinase
SGLT1	Sodium–glucose cotransporter 1
IR-β	Insulin receptor β
TCA	Tricarboxylic acid
HK	Hexokinase
PFK	Phosphofructokinase
PK	Pyruvate kinase
HFD	High-fat diet
PC	Pyruvate carboxylase
IRS	Insulin receptor substrate
ATPase	Adenosine triphosphatease
NADPH	Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate hydrogen
NRF2	Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2
OGG1	8-Oxoguanine DNA Glycosylase 1
FOXO1	Forkhead box protein O1
UCP1	Uncoupling protein 1
WAT	White adipose tissue
BAT	Brown adipose tissue
FFA	Free fatty acids
TG	Triglycerides
TC	Cholesterol
Tmem26	Transmembrane protein 26
Prdm16	PR domain zinc finger protein 16
Pref-1	Preadipocyte factor-1
aP2	Adipocyte protein 2
Fabp4	Fatty acid-binding protein 4
IL-6	Interleukin-6
DAG	Diacylglycerol
PKC	Protein kinase C
TLRs	Toll-like receptors
RAGE	Receptor for AGEs
PPAR-γ	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ
TNF-α	Tumour necrosis factor-α
JNK	C-Jun N-terminal kinase
ROS	Reactive oxygen species
MAPK	Mitogen-activated protein kinase
NF-κB	Nuclear factor kappa B
C/EBP α	CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α
AGEs	Advanced glycation end-products
TCM	Traditional Chinese medicine
IM	Intestinal microbiota
LPS	Lipopolysaccharide
BW	Bodyweight
LC-MS	Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry
PGC-1α	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1α
IR	Insulin resistance
HPLC	High pressure liquid chromatography
HILIC	Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography