AD	Alzheimer’s disease
AMPK	AMP-activated protein kinase
ANLS	Astrocyte–neuron lactate shuttle
Arg1	Arginase 1
ATM	Adipose tissue macrophage
ATP	Adenosine triphosphate
BCAP	B-cell adapter for PI3K
BCL2	B-cell lymphoma 2
cAMP	Cyclic adenosine monophosphate
CBP	CREB-binding protein
ccRCC	Clear cell renal cell carcinoma
CoA	Coenzyme A
CRC	Colorectal cancer
FOXO1	Forkhead box protein O1
GLO1	Glyoxalase I
GLO2	Glyoxalase II
Glis1	GLIS family zinc finger 1
GPCR	G-protein-coupled receptor
GPR81	G-protein-coupled receptor 81
GPR132	G-protein-coupled receptor 132
GSK3β	Glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta
HAT	Histone acetyltransferase
HCAR	Hydroxy-carboxylic acid receptor
HCC	Hepatocellular carcinoma
HDAC	Histone deacetylase
HFD	High-fat diet
HIF	Hypoxia-inducible factor
HIF-1α	Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha
HMGB1	High mobility group box 1
IDH3G	Isocitrate dehydrogenase 3 gamma
IFNγ	Interferon-gamma
IL-6	Interleukin-6
IL-8	Interleukin-8
iPSC	Induced pluripotent stem cell
Kla	Lysine lactylation
LCSC	Liver cancer stem cell
LDH	Lactate dehydrogenase
LDHA	Lactate dehydrogenase A
LGSH	Lactoylglutathione
LINC00152	Long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 152
lncRNA	Long non-coding RNA
LPS	Lipopolysaccharide
MCT	Monocarboxylate transporter
MMP-2	Matrix metallopeptidase-2
NAD+	Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
NADH	Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (reduced)
NF-κB	Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells
OXPHOS	Oxidative phosphorylation
P300	Histone acetyltransferase p300 (EP300)
PDC	Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
PDGFRβ	Platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta
PDH	Pyruvate dehydrogenase
PER1	Period circadian regulator 1
PI3K	Phosphoinositide 3-kinase
PKA	Protein kinase A
PKM	Pyruvate kinase M
PKM2	Pyruvate kinase M2
PRR	Pattern recognition receptor
PTM	Post-translational modification
SDHA	Succinate dehydrogenase complex flavoprotein subunit A
SirT	Sirtuin
STAT3	Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
T3SS	Type III secretion system
TCA	Tricarboxylic acid cycle
TGFβ2	Transforming growth factor beta 2
TLR	Toll-like receptor
TNF-α	Tumor necrosis factor alpha
TP53	Tumor protein p53
VEGFA	Vascular endothelial growth factor A
VHL	Von Hippel–Lindau
YTHDF2	YTH N6-methyladenosine RNA binding protein 2
YY1	Yin Yang 1