Abbreviation	Definition
16S rRNA	16S ribosomal RNA
8-OHdG	8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine
AAD	Antibiotic-associated diarrhea
AhR	Aryl hydrocarbon receptor
BEVs	Bacterial extracellular vesicles
CAT	Catalase
CDI	Clostridium difficile infection
CKD	Chronic kidney disease
CDAI	Crohn’s disease activity index
eGFR	Estimated glomerular filtration rate
FXR	Farnesoid X receptor
GPx	Glutathione peroxidase
GSH	Reduced glutathione
GST	Glutathione S-transferase
HbA1c	Glycated hemoglobin
HPA	Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal
hs-CRP	High-sensitivity C-reactive protein
IBD	Inflammatory bowel disease
IFN-γ	Interferon gamma
JNK	C-Jun N-terminal kinase
KEAP1	Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1
LPS	Lipopolysaccharides
MASLD	Metabolically associated steatotic liver disease
MDA	Malondialdehyde
MS	Metabolic syndrome
NF-κB	Nuclear factor kappa B
NLRP3	NOD-like receptor pyrin domain-containing 3
Nrf2	Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2
NSAIDs	Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
RCTs	Randomized controlled trials
RNS	Reactive nitrogen species
ROS	Reactive oxygen species
SCFAs	Short-chain fatty acid
SOD	Superoxide dismutase
TAC	Total antioxidant capacity
TLR	Toll-like receptor
TMAO	Trimethylamine-N-oxide
TNF-α	Tumor necrosis factor alpha
ZO-1	Zonula occludens-1