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. 2026 May 13;14(5):1098. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines14051098
T2DM type 2 diabetes mellitus
T1DM type 1 diabetes mellitus
AID automated insulin delivery
APS artificial pancreas systems
CGM continuous glucose monitor
CSII continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion
ALT alanine Aminotransferase
AST aspartate aminotransferase
HCL hybrid closed loop
OREF0 Open APS Reference Design Zero
TIR percentage of time in range
TAR time above range
TBR time below range
SD standard deviation
CV coefficient of variation
IQR interquartile range
SAEs serious adverse events