0D	Zero-dimensional
2D	Two-dimensional
3D	Three-dimensional
5-FU	5-fluorouracil
AA	Ascorbic acid
aPDT	Antimicrobial PDT
BPA	Bisphenol-A
CC	Catechol
CCM	Cancer cell membrane
CDs	Carbon dots
CHEF	Chelation-enhanced fluorescence
CHQF	Chelation-quenched fluorescence
CL	Chemiluminescence
CNTs	Carbon nanotubes
CQDs	Carbon quantum dots
CS	Chitosan
Cur	Curcumin
CVDs	Cardiovascular diseases
CVD	Chemical vapor deposition
Cys	L-cysteine
DA	Dopamine
DI	Deionized water
DFT	Density functional theory
DMF	Dimethylformamide
DOC	Docetaxel
DOX	Delivery of doxorubicin
EDA	Ethylenediamine
ECL	Electrochemiluminescent
EPR	Enhanced permeability and retention
FRET	Fluorescence resonance energy transfer
FUS	Fluorescence and ultrasound
FL	Fluorescence
GCE	Glassy carbon electrodes
GO	Graphene oxide
GOQDs	Graphene oxide quantum dots
GPT	Glutamate pyruvate transaminase
GQDs	Graphene quantum dots
HA	Hyaluronic acid
HC	Hydrodynamic cavitation
HCC	Hepatocellular carcinoma
HER	Hydrogen evolution reaction
HMI	Heavy metal ion
hMSN	Hollow mesoporous silica nanoparticle
H2O2	Hydrogen peroxide
HOMO	Highest occupied molecular orbital
HRP	Horseradish peroxidase
ICD	Immunogenic cell death
IFE	Inner filter effect
LECs	Light-emitting electrochemical cells
LOD	Limit of detection
LUMO	Lowest unoccupied molecular orbital
MAL	Malathion
Mg	Magnesium
MD	Magneto-dielectric
MIPs	Molecularly imprinted polymers
MB	Methylene blue
MOFs	Metal-organic frameworks
MRI	Magnetic resonance imaging
MRSA	Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
MTX	Methotrexate
MWCNTs	Multi-walled carbon nanotubes
NADPH	Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
NDDS	Nanodrug delivery systems
NGQDs	Nitrogen-doped GQDs
NS-GQDs	Nitrogen- and sulfur-doped GQDs
NIC	Nicotine
NFMs	Nanofibrous membranes
NIR	Near-infrared
NPs	Nanoparticles
NN	1-nitroso-2-naphthol
OES	Optical emission spectroscopy
OER	Oxygen evolution reaction
PCL	Plasma contacting liquid
PCL	Polycaprolactone
PDT	Photodynamic therapy
PEG	Polyethylene glycol
PEI	Polyetherimide
PET	Photoinduced electron transfer
PG	Poly(ε-caprolactone)/gelatin
PL	Photoluminescence
PANI	Polyaniline
PTT	Photothermal therapy
QDs	Quantum dots
QYs	quantum yields
QUE	Quercetin
ROS	Reactive oxygen species
Se	Selenium
SER	Serotonin
SERS	surface-enhanced Raman scattering
SiC	Silicon carbide
SMPU	Shape memory polyurethane
SPGE	Screen-printed gold electrodes
ROS	Reactive-oxygen-species
SQDs	Semiconductor quantum dots
SPR	Surface plasmon resonance
SWV	Square wave voltammetry
TAPP	Tetraaminophenylporphyrin
UCPL	Up-conversion photoluminescence
UV	Ultraviolet
WLEDs	White light-emitting diodes
WHO	World Health Organization