2-IB	2-iminobiotin
5-MTHF	5-methyltetrahydrofolate
5,10-Methylene-THF	5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate
6-OHDA	6-hydroxydopamine
ACC	Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase
ACE	Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination
ACE2	Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2
ACh	Acetylcholine
AChE	Acetylcholinesterase
AD	Alzheimer’s disease
ADHD	Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
Akt	Protein Kinase beta
AlCl3	Aluminum chloride
ALS	Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
AP-1	Activator Protein 1
APP	Amyloid precursor protein
ARE	Antioxidant Response Element
Aβ	Amyloid beta
ASD	Autism spectrum disorder
BACE1	Beta-site APP cleaving enzyme 1
BBB	Blood-brain barrier
BBGD	Biotin-responsive basal ganglia disease
BCCP	biotin carboxyl carrier protein
Bcl2	B-cell lymphoma 2
BDI	Beck Depression Inventory
BDNF	brain-derived neurotrophic factor
BH4	tetrahydro-biopterin
BID	Twice daily
BV-2	Brain 2
CASI	Cognitive Abilities Screening Instrument
cAMP	Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate
CAT	Catalase
CB	Cannabinoid receptors
CDR	Clinical Dementia Rating
c-FOS	cellular Finkel-Biskis-Jinkins murine osteogenic sarcoma virus
CNS	Central nervous system
COMPASS	Computerized mental performance assessment system
COMT	Catechol-O-methyltransferase
COX-2	Cyclo-oxygenase-2
CREB	cAMP response element-binding protein
CRP	C-reactive protein
CSD	cortical spreading depression
CVD	Cardiovascular disease
CVLT-II	California Verbal Learning Test-II
DALYs	Disability-adjusted life years
DNA	Deoxyribonucleic acid
EAHE	A-enriched Hericium erinaceus
ERK	Extracellular signal-regulated kinase
EU	European Union
FAAH	Fatty acid amide amidohydrolase
FTD	Frontotemporal dementia
FRA	Folate receptor autoantibodies
GABA	Gamma-aminobutyric acid
GDNF	Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor
GFAP	Glial fibrillary acidic protein
GPR119	G protein-coupled receptor 119
GPR55	G protein-coupled receptor 55
GPx	Glutathione peroxidase
GR	Glutathione reductase
GRP78	Glucose-related protein 78
GSH	glutathione
GSK-3	Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3
GSSG	Glutathione disulfid
GST	glutathione-S-transferase
HAT	Histone acetyltransferase
Hcy	Homocysteine
HDAC	Histone Deacetylase
HE	Hericium erinaceus
HEM	Hericium erinaceus mycelia
HEME	Hericium erinaceus mycelial extracts
HLCS	holocarboxylase synthetase
HO-1	Heme oxygenase-1
HPA	Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal
HT	Hydroxytyrosol
HupA	Huperzine A
IADL	Instrumental Activities of Daily Living
IGAP	Intersectoral Global Action Plan on Epilepsy and Other Neurological Disorders
IL-1α/β	Interleukin 1α/β
IL-6	Interleukin-6
iNOS	Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase
IRE1α	Inositol-requiring transmembrane kinase/endoribonuclease 1α
IVIG	Intravenous immunoglobulin
JNK	c-Jun N-terminal kinases
KEAP1	Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1
LPS	Lipopolysaccharide
MAPK	Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase
MCC	Methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase
MCI	Mild cognitive impairement
MDA	malondialdehyde
MMSE	Mini-Mental State Examination
MPO	Myeloperoxidase
MPTP	1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine
mRNA	messenger Ribonucleic Acid
MS	Multiple sclerosis
MTHFR	Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase
NAPE	N-acylphosphatidylethanolamine
NF-κB	Nuclear Factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells
NF-κB-p65	Nuclear Factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells p65 subunit
NGF	Nerve growth factor
NLR	Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio
NLRP3	NLR family pyrin domain containing 3
NMDA	N-Methyl-D-aspartic acid
NOS	Nitric oxide synthase
NEG2	Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2
NTDs	Neural tube defects
PC	Pyruvate Carboxylase
PCC	Propionyl-CoA Carboxylase
PD	Parkinson’s disease
PEA	Palmitoylethanolamide
PEALut	PEA and luteolin
PI3K	Phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase
PKC	Protein Kinase C
PNEI	Psycho-neuro-endocrino-immunology
PPAR-α	proliferator-activated alpha
PPAR-γ	proliferator-activated gamma
PPMS	Primary progressive MS
PP2A	Protein phosphatase 2A
PS1	Presenilin 1
PTEN	Phosphatase and TENsin homolog
RCT	Randomized controlled trial
RNS	Reactive nitrogen species
ROS	Reactive oxygen species
RRMS	Relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis
SAM	S-adenosylmethionine
SOD	superoxide dismutase
SPMS	Secondary progressive multiple sclerosis
TBI	Traumatic brain injury
THF	Tetrahydrofolate
TLR-4	Toll-like receptor 4
TNF-α	Tumor necrosis factor α
TrkB	Tropomyosin receptor kinase
UK	United Kingdom
VAS	Visual analogue scale
WHO	World Health Organization
β-CTF	β-secretase-derived carboxy-terminal fragment