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. 2026 May 9;27(10):4204. doi: 10.3390/ijms27104204
PD Parkinson’s disease
AD Alzheimer’s disease
CNS Central nervous system
PNS Peripheral nervous system
MAOB Monoamine oxidase B
GSK-3β Glycogen synthase kinase-3β
DAT Dopamine transporter
SNCA α-Synuclein
Nrf2 Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2
HO-1 Heme oxygenase-1
MMP Mitochondrial membrane potential
ΔΨm Mitochondrial transmembrane potential
ROS Reactive oxygen species
MPTP 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine
MPP+ 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium
HPLC High-performance liquid chromatography
NMR Nuclear magnetic resonance
TOF-MS Time-of-flight mass spectrometry
HSQC Heteronuclear single quantum coherence
HMBC Heteronuclear multiple bond correlation
TMS Tetramethylsilane
TLC Thin-layer chromatography
DMEM/F12 Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium/Nutrient Mixture F-12
FBS Fetal bovine serum
PMSF Phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride
BCA Bicinchoninic acid
ECL Enhanced chemiluminescence
ELISA Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
GSH Glutathione
LDH Lactate dehydrogenase
siRNA Small interfering RNA
si-NC Small interfering RNA negative control
si-Nrf2 Small interfering RNA targeting Nrf2
HRP Horseradish peroxidase
TBST Tris-buffered saline with Tween-20
BSA Bovine serum albumin
PFA Paraformaldehyde
TUNEL Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling
DCFH-DA 2′,7′-Dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate
FITC Fluorescein isothiocyanate
PI Propidium iodide
PPI Protein–protein interaction
GO Gene Ontology
KEGG Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes
DAVID Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery
STRING Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes/Proteins
PDB Protein Data Bank
DEGs Differentially expressed genes
EC50 Half maximal effective concentration
ANOVA Analysis of variance
SD Standard deviation
Aβ β-Amyloid
ER Endoplasmic reticulum
RMSD Root-mean-square deviation