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. 2026 May 3;14(5):1038. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms14051038
LM MVs Listeria monocytogenes-derived membrane vesicles
NF-κB Nuclear factor-kappa B
LLO Listeriolysin O
TEM Transmission electron microscopy
NTA Nanoparticle tracking analysis
BCA Bicinchoninic acid
PBS Phosphate-buffered saline
BHI Brain heart infusion
DMEM Dulbecco’s modified Eagle medium
FBS Fetal bovine serum
CCK-8 Cell Counting Kit-8
qRT-PCR Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction
IHC Immunohistochemistry
HE Hematoxylin and eosin
HRP Horseradish peroxidase
PVDF Polyvinylidene fluoride
TBST Tris-buffered saline containing Tween-20
BSA Bovine serum albumin
DAPI 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole
iNOS Inducible nitric oxide synthase
TNF-α Tumor necrosis factor-alpha
MHC Major histocompatibility complex
ANOVA Analysis of variance
SEM Standard error of the mean