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. 2026 Apr 5;16:16338. doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-46649-w

Table 3.

Logistic regression analysis of preoperative risk factors associated with pathological upstaging in patients with cTa and cT1 bladder cancer based on complete case dataset.

Variable Univariable analysis Multivariable analysis
OR (95% CI) P value OR (95% CI) P value
Age (per 10 year increase) 1.24 (0.94–1.64) 0.1
Sex, male vs. female 0.79 (0.41–1.53) 0.5
ECOG-PS, >=2 vs. 0–1 2.52 (0.71–8.92) 0.2
Smoking history 0.70 (0.40–1.22) 0.2
History of NMIBC 1.07 (0.66–1.73) 0.8
History of BCG 0.79 (0.47–1.34) 0.4
Tumour multiplicity, multiple vs. solitary 1.15 (0.67–2.00) 0.6
Size of tumours, >=3 cm vs. <3 cm 1.86 (1.09–3.16) 0.022 1.90 (1.06–3.40) 0.031
Clinical T stage, cT1 vs. cTa 0.94 (0.69–1.30) 0.7 0.86 (0.59–1.25) 0.4
Concomitant CIS (TUR) 0.69 (0.41–1.17) 0.2 0.74 (0.41–1.36) 0.3
Histological subtype (TUR) 0.38 (0.15–0.92) 0.033 0.40 (0.16–1.01) 0.053
NAC, >=2 cylcles vs. 0–1 cycle 0.95 (0.50–1.81) 0.9 0.65 (0.31–1.37) 0.3

Significant values are in bold.