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Split-sample strategy for measurement validation.
| Sample | n | Purpose | Analysis |
|---|---|---|---|
| Subsample 1 | 319 | Factor structure exploration and item purification | EFA |
| Subsample 2 | 290 | Independent validation of the measurement model | CFA |
| Total sample | 609 | Main-study sample | Split-sample cross-validation |
The main-study sample was randomly divided into two independent subsamples. EFA was conducted in Subsample 1, and CFA was conducted in Subsample 2 to provide cross-validation of the measurement model.
