Table 2.
Characteristics of included studies (N = 16)
| Study information | Intervention and Comparison | Participants | Measures | Outcome | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Author (year), Country |
Type of CAD | Setting | Intervention details | Comparison | Number(E/C) | Age(E/C) | Male/ Female(E/C) |
Primary outcome | Secondary outcome | Follow- up |
| Cognitive-behavioral interventions | ||||||||||
| Jia XH (2024), China [29] | Stent implantation | university hospital |
Type: cognitive-behavioral intervention Frequency: 3 times during hospitalization (the day after surgery, the second day after surgery, and the day of discharge), and once a week for 1 to 4 weeks after discharge. Duration:35–45 min |
Usual rehabilitation care | N = 80 (E = 40,C = 40) | E(59.98 ± 10.1) C(60.28 ± 10.12) | E(M = 29,F = 11) C(M = 24,F = 16) |
TSK-SV Heart: The Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia Heart |
①Cardiac adverse events | 1month、3months |
| Zhang L (2024), China [30] | Coronary artery bypass grafting | university hospital |
Type: cognitive-behavioral intervention Frequency: 3 times during hospitalization Early post-operative period, before discharge, the day of discharge), and once a week for 1 to 4 weeks after discharge. Duration:30 min |
Usual nursing care | N = 72 (E = 36,C = 36) | E(59.5 ± 9.2) C(60.5 ± 8.8) | E(M = 23,F = 13) C(M = 25,F = 11) |
TSK-SV Heart: The Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia Heart |
①Self-Rating Anxiety Scale/Self-Rating Depression Scale(SAS/ SDS)②Coronary artery disease Self Scale management(CSMS) | 1month、3months |
| Psychological-related interventions | ||||||||||
| Niu ZX (2024), China [32] | Acute myocardial infarction | Hospital |
Type: Psychological care interventions based on the PERMA model. Frequency: Face-to-face intervention was performed twice in the hospital, and intervention was performed once a week for 5 weeks after discharge by means of Internet and telephone. A total of 7 interventions. Duration:20–30 min |
Usual nursing care and rehabilitation | N = 160 (E = 80,C = 80) | E(58.13 ± 9.01) C(58.84 ± 10.15) | E(M = 58,F = 22) C(M = 57,F = 23) | TSK-Heart: Tampa Scale for kinesiophobia Heart | ①the Connor Davidson Resilience Scale(CD-RISC) | 6 weeks |
| Demirci. C (2023) Turkey [31] | Acute myocardial infarction | in the CICU of a university hospital |
Type: Mindfulness practice Frequency: for a total 8 weeks, once a week. Duration:15 min |
a single-time attention- matched education |
N = 56 (E = 28,C = 28) | E(55.0 ± 10.0) C(55.5 ± 9.6) | E(M = 23,F = 5) C(M = 24,F = 4) |
TSK-H: Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia for Heart |
①MacNew Quality of Life Questionnaire (MacNew) | 4 weeks、8 weeks、12 weeks |
| Chen C (2024), China [33] | After percutaneous coronary intervention | Hospital |
Type: Pain management based on fear-avoidance model Frequency: Face-to-face intervention was performed 3 in the hospital, once a week for 1 to 4 weeks and twice a week for 5 to 8 weeks after discharge. A total of 9 interventions Duration:30–40 min |
Usual care model | N = 72 (E = 36,C = 36) | E(57.53土8.96) C(60.86士10.51) | E(M = 26,F = 10) C(M = 31,F = 5) |
TSK-SV Heart: The Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia Heart |
①angina pain | 12 weeks |
| Liu Q (2022), China [24] | Coronary heart disease | Hospital |
Type: Graded exposure Frequency: One face-to-face interview and five imaginary exposures combined with on-site exposures were conducted, totaling 6 times. Duration: None |
Usual care model | N = 78 (E = 38,C = 40) | E(57.53 ± 7.52) C(57.05 ± 8.46) | E(M = 22,F = 16) C(M = 20,F = 20) |
TSK-SV Heart: The Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia Heart |
①the Connor Davidson Resilience Scale(CD-RISC) | 3 months |
| Exercise-related interventions | ||||||||||
| Li JH (2023), China [40] | After percutaneous coronary intervention | university hospital |
Type: Nurse-led high-intensity phase II exercise rehabilitation Frequency: None Duration: None |
Routine home-based phase II cardiac rehabilitation | N = 65 (E = 32,C = 33) | E(67.72 ± 4.30) C(66.48 ± 4.37) | E(M = 19,F = 13) C(M = 20,F = 13) |
TSK-SV Heart: The Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia Heart |
①Short Form (36) Health Survey(SF-36) ②Peak oxygen uptake (VO2 peak) ③Anaerobic threshold (AT) | 12 weeks |
| Deka.P (2021), The United States [35] | Coronary heart disease | Hospital |
Type: The exercise program includs high-intensity, moderate-intensity, and low intensity treadmill walking Frequency: Once a week for 8 weeks in hospital Duration:30 min |
Standard medical treatment without any formal exercise participation during the intervention period. | N = 90 (E = 45,C = 45) | Not available | Not available |
TSK-11: The Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobiae11 |
①Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale(HADS-A/HADS-D) ②the International Physical Activity Questionnaire(IPAQ) | 8 weeks |
| Multi-modal combined nursing interventions | ||||||||||
| Wang YF (2023), China [36] | Acute myocardial infarction | university hospital |
Type: Fear management theory-based psychotherapy combined with exercise rehabilitation. Frequency: None Duration: None |
Usual rehabilitation exercise management | N = 80 (E = 40,C = 40) | E(66.45 ± 4.39) C(66.32 ± 4.41) | E(M = 25,F = 15) C(M = 23,F = 17) | TSK-Heart: The Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia Heart | ①Self-Rating Anxiety Scale/Self-Rating Depression Scale(SAS/ SDS) ②left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF)③ Incidence of adverse cardiac events ④ Exercise adherence | 6 months |
| Lv WQ (2022), China [37] | Coronary heart disease | Hospital |
Type: Cognitive behavioral therapy combined with targeted exercise rehabilitation Frequency: None Duration: None |
Usual Care | N = 88 (E = 44,C = 44) | E(64.1 ± 2.4) C(63.5 ± 2.1) | E(M = 25,F = 19) C(M = 26,F = 18) |
TSK-SV Heart: The Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia Heart |
①Medical Coping Mode Questionnaire(MCMQ) | Not available |
| Li H (2022), China [38] | Stent implantation | university hospital |
Type: Double heart nursing model: cardiac rehabilitation combined with psychological nursing Frequency: None Duration: None |
Usual Care | N = 168 (E = 82,C = 86) | E(56.62 ± 5.78) C(59.43 ± 6.87) | E(M = 59,F = 23) C(M = 64,F = 22) |
TSK-SV Heart: The Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia Heart |
①Self-Rating Anxiety Scale(SAS)②Short Form (36) Health Survey(SF-36)③Newcastle Satisfaction with Nursing Scales(NSNS) | Not available |
| Chang GJ (2023), China [39] | Acute myocardial infarction | Hospital |
Type: Double heart nursing model: cardiac rehabilitation combined with psychological nursing Frequency: None Duration:10–30 min |
Usual Care | N = 98 (E = 49,C = 49) | E(45.72 ± 4.45) C(46.25 ± 4.30) | E(M = 28,F = 21) C(M = 29,F = 20) | TSK-SV Heart: The Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia Heart | ①Somatization subscale of the Symptom Checklist-90(SCL-90)②Compliance behavior ③Newcastle Satisfaction with Nursing Scales(NSNS) | 1 month |
| Wang DD (2024), China [42] | Stent implantation | Hospital |
Type: Double heart nursing model: cardiac rehabilitation combined with psychological nursing Frequency: None Duration: None |
Usual Care | N = 88 (E = 44,C = 44) | E(65.34 ± 6.85) C(65.19 ± 6.74) | E(M = 27,F = 17) C(M = 24,F = 20) | TSK-Heart: Tampa Scale for kinesiophobia Heart | ①General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES)②Short Form (36) Health Survey(SF-36) | 1 month |
| Liu JL (2024), China [41] | Stent implantation | Hospital |
Type: Traditional Chinese Medicine based psychotherapy combined with aerobic exercise training Frequency: Exercise training three times a week for one month. Duration: Exercise training: 30–60 min |
Usual rehabilitation interventions | N = 72 (E = 36,C = 36) | E(64.83 ± 7.23) C(64.47 ± 7.39) | E(M = 19,F = 17) C(M = 21,F = 15) |
TSK-SV Heart: The Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia Heart |
①Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) ②Peak oxygen uptake (VO2 peak) ③Anaerobic threshold (AT) ④6-minute walking distance (6MWD) ⑤Short Form-8 Health Survey(SF-8) | 1 month |
| Interventions not clearly categorized | ||||||||||
| Kiran Khushnood (202), Pakistan [23] | Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting | ICU of hospital |
Type: Inspiratory muscle training (IMT) with breathing exercises and chest clearance techniques Frequency: Three treatment sessions before scheduled surgery Duration:30–40 min |
Only breathing exercises and chest clearance techniques | N = 50 (E = 25,C = 25) | E(53.96 ± 5.74) C(52.24 ± 5.50) | E(M = 17,F = 8) C(M = 17,F = 8) | TSKH: Tampa scale of kinesiophobia for heart | ①6MWT ②Pulse rate ③Respiratory rate ④Borg RPE ⑤Oxygen saturation ⑥ICU stay | Not available |
| Chen Y (2024), China [43] | Coronary heart disease | university hospital |
Type: Online and offline home rehabilitation programs based on BCW theory Frequency: None Duration: None |
Usual Care | N = 91 (E = 45,C = 46) | E(68.0 ± 4.0) C(66.0 ± 4.2) | E(M = 26,F = 19) C(M = 26,F = 20) | TSK-Heart: Tampa Scale for kinesiophobia Heart | ①Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) ②Peak oxygen uptake (VO2 peak) ③Anaerobic threshold (AT) ④6-minute walking distance (6MWD) ⑤Chinese version Patient Activation Measure 13 (PAM13) score | 3 month 6 months |