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. 2026 May 27;16:16414. doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-54414-2

Table 2.

Characteristics of all the participants (n = 637) who completed the online experiments.

Exp. Number Age
Mean (min-max, SD)
Self-reported gender Music sophistication
Mean (min-max, SD)
Vividness abilities
Mean (min-max, SD)
1 200 27.84 (19–65, 8.36)

Female: 73

Male: 121

Other: 6

70.78 (18–122, SD = 18.10) 4.82 (1–7, SD = 0.98)
2 298 (including 101 from Exp. 1) 29.03 (19–67, 9.43)

Female: 98

Male: 194

Other: 4

No answer: 2

71.57 (18–126, SD = 18.55) 4.81 (1–7, SD = 1.03)
3 240 27.29 (19–62, 8.17)

Female: 104

Male: 129

Other: 6

No answer: 1

68.16 (22–112, SD = 18.02) 4.66 (1–7, SD = 1.10)
4 98 34.98 (18–74, SD = 11.32)

Female: 30

Male: 68

71.46 (29–114, SD = 19.78) 4.79 (1–6.93, SD = 1.02)

The music sophistication index was estimated with a subset (n = 18 items) of the Gold-MSI45 and the vividness abilities were estimated with the BAIS_V scale of the questionnaire designed by Halpern46. The participants of the different experiments do not significantly differ in terms of self-reported music sophistication and vividness abilities (both ANOVAs on the scores: p > 0.05).