Table 2.

Key biomarkers in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with their types, clinical significance, and associated subtypes or features.

Biomarker	Type	Clinical significance	Associated AML subtypes/features
PML-RARA	Fusion gene (t(15;17))	Diagnostic marker for APL; excellent response to ATRA + ATO	APL (M3 subtype)
AML1-ETO	Fusion gene (t(8;21))	Good prognosis; altered if c-Kit mutated	AML-M2, core binding factor AML
CD34	Surface glycoprotein marker	Linked to unfavourable prognosis, less complete response, and increased relapse risk.	M0, M1, M2; mostly absent in APL
NPM1	Nucleolar protein mutation	Favorable if FLT3-ITD−; useful for MRD monitoring	M4/M5, Normal Karyotype AML
FLT3-ITD/TKD	Tyrosine kinase mutations	Poor prognosis with FLT3-ITD; targetable with TKIs	Normal karyotype AML; co-mutates with NPM1
TP53	Tumor suppressor mutation	Very poor prognosis; high relapse; drug resistance	Complex karyotype AML, therapy-related AML
IDH1/2	Metabolic enzyme mutations	Epigenetic dysregulation; emerging MRD markers; drug-targetable	Normal karyotype AML; often co-mutated with NPM1

This table summarizes diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic markers commonly used in AML risk stratification and treatment guidance.