Table 2.
Question items and related parameters.
| Variable | Questionnaire items | Factor loading |
|---|---|---|
| Parental social support | 1. When I need help, my parents help me analyze the ins and outs and possible reasons. | 0.705 |
| 2. My parents make me feel safe and happy. | 0.711 | |
| 3. My parents make me feel that no matter what decision I make, they will support me. | 0.710 | |
| 4. My parents accompany me at dinner, talk to me, or perform other leisure activities with me so as to make me forget my troubles. | 0.714 | |
| 5. My parents listen to me intently when I am describing a situation or specifying my complaints; this makes me feel like they understand me. | 0.696 | |
| 6. My parents encourage me and make me feel that I have to work harder to solve my problems. | 0.715 | |
| 7. My parents give me money or other material assistance when I need help. | 0.716 | |
| 8. My parents need me, and this makes me feel I am important to them. | 0.710 | |
| Academic self-efficacy | 9. I generally manage to solve difficult academic problems if I try hard enough. | 0.726 |
| 10. I know I can stick to my aims and accomplish my goals in my field of study. | 0.723 | |
| 11. I will remain calm in my exam because I know I will have the knowledge to solve the problems. | 0.687 | |
| 12. I know I can pass the exam if I put in enough work during the semester | 0.685 | |
| 13. The motto ‘If other people can, I can too’ applies to me when it comes to my field of study. | 0.774 | |
| Academic burnout | 14. I feel emotionally drained by my studies. | 0.716 |
| 15. I feel used up at the end of a day at university. | 0.707 | |
| 16. I feel tired when I get up in the morning and I have to face another day at the university. | 0.753 | |
| 17. Studying or attending a class is really a strain for me. | 0.725 | |
| 18. I feel burned out from my studies. | 0.737 | |
| 19. I have become less interested in my studies since my enrollment at the university. | 0.709 | |
| 20. I have become less enthusiastic about my studies. | 0.725 | |
| 21. I have become more cynical about the potential usefulness of my studies. | 0.728 | |
| 22. I doubt the significance of my studies. | 0.753 | |
| 23. I can effectively solve the problems that arise in my studies. | 0.740 | |
| 24. I believe that I make an effective contribution to the classes that I attend. | 0.757 | |
| 25. In my opinion, I am a good student. | 0.752 | |
| 26. I feel stimulated when I achieve my study goals. | 0.717 | |
| 27. I have learned many interesting things during the course of my studies. | 0.710 | |
| 28. During class I feel confident that I am effective in getting things done. | 0.762 |
Parental social support (questionnaire items 1–8), academic self-efficacy (questionnaire items 9–13), and academic burnout (questionnaire items 14–28).