Table 1.

Barriers and Facilitators to Immunity Research among LTCH/RH populations

Behavioural Domain (Capability, Opportunity or Motivation)	Theoretical Domain	Barriers to immunity research participation	Facilitators to immunity research participation
Capability	Knowledge	• Insufficient understanding of study details (compounded by language barriers) • Complexity of study documents • Challenges in interpreting study findings	• Clear understanding of study details • Simple, accessible study materials • Desire to understand COVID-19, antibody status and impact of vaccine • Interest in receiving personal antibody results
	Skills	• Lack of technological proficiency to facilitate administrative study components
Opportunity	Environmental context and resources	• Time constraints • Accessibility of collection site • Suitability of physical space (noise/ privacy)	• Flexibility and convenience of participation • Accessibility of collection site including on-site research team presence • Utilization of digital tools to facilitate participation (Ipad, videos)
	Social influences	• Lack of trust in study team or organization	• Opinion leaders or a LTCH/RH culture that encourages research participation • Trust in study team or organization • Professional and friendly research team with positive attitudes • Perceived benefits to society at large
Motivation	Beliefs about consequences	• Hesitancy towards experiments • Concerns about data privacy and confidentiality	• Perception that antibody / immunity results would be available immediately or shortly after sample provided OR understanding of study timelines • Scientific progress and community impact
	Beliefs about capabilities	• Concerns or challenges in self-collection of sample
	Optimism	• Pain, physical discomfort with sample collection
	Social or Professional Role		• Responsibility to scientific progress and community impact
	Reinforcements		• Study compensation