Table 2.
Description of other outcomes evaluated
| Author (year) | N (intervention/control) | Method | Outcome | Intervention (baseline → final) | Control (baseline → final) | p-value | Conclusion |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dostal et al. [13] (USA) | 121 (61/60) | DEXA | Fat mass (kg) | 32.2 ± 0.8 → 31.7 ± 0.8 | 30.9 ± 0.8 → 30.9 ± 0.8 | 0.40 | No significant change |
| Gynoid fat (%) | 45.6 ± 0.6 → 45.5 ± 0.6 | 45.8 ± 0.6 → 45.7 ± 0.6 | 0.71 | No significant change | |||
| Visceral fat (kg) | 1.06 ± 0.07 → 1.04 ± 0.07 | 0.88 ± 0.07 → 0.91 ± 0.07 | 0.11 | No significant change | |||
| Bone mineral density (g/cm²) | 1.17 ± 0.01 → 1.17 ± 0.01 | 1.14 ± 0.01 → 1.14 ± 0.01 | 0.49 | No significant change | |||
| Rondanelli et al. [15] (Italy) | 28 (14/14) |
BIA / Calorimetria indireta |
Fat mass (kg) | t0:37.88 ± 6.01→t1: 36.47 ± 5.82→ t2:35.83 ± 5.48 |
t0:38.63 ± 9.23→t1: 38.02 ± 10.35→ t2:37.54 ± 10.61 |
0.22 | No significant change |
| Lean mass (kg) | t0:41.35 ± 3.58→t1: 41.37 ± 3.73→ t2:40.87 ± 3.33 | t0:43.03 ± 4.0 →t1: 43.56 ± 3.7 → t2:43.016 ± 3.5 | 0.24 | No significant change | |||
| Visceral fat (kg) | t0:1.38 ± 0.42→t1:1.23 ± 0.48→ t2:1.21 ± 0.44 | t0:1.39 ± 0.63→t1:1.37 ± 0.66→ t2:1.29 ± 0.83 | 0.73 | No significant change | |||
| RQ | t0:0.77 ± 0.06→t1:0.72 ± 0.05→ t2:0.71 ± 0.05 | t0:0.79 ± 0.08→t1:0.79 ± 0.09→ t2:0.81 ± 0.05 | 0.009 |
Significant decrease (↑ increased fat oxidation) |
|||
| % LIP oxidation | t0:52.50 ± 18.28→t1: 78.86 ± 12.50 → t2: 78.79 ± 12.66 | t0: 51.79 ± 16.57 →t1: 50.79 ± 16.22 → t2: 56.00 ± 18.83 | 0.0006 | Significant increase in lipid oxidation | |||
| REE (kcal/day) | t0: 1401.71 ± 202.88→t1: 1500.64 ± 229.12 → t2: 1537.21 ± 190.76 | t0: 1396.57 ± 238.37 →t1: 1390.71 ± 201.04 → t2: 1365.64 ± 230.96 | 0.009 | ↑ Resting energy expenditure | |||
| CRP (mg/L) | t0: 0.30 ± 0.22 →t1: - → t2: 0.16 ± 0.13 | t0: 0.29 ± 0.22 →t1: - → t2: 0.29 ± 0.22 | 0.02 | Significant reduction (↓ systemic inflammation) | |||
| Norepinephrine (pg/mL) | t0: 509.50 ± 186.25 →t1: 571.50 ± 245.84 → t2: 627.64 ± 279.69 | t0: 485.43 ± 185.13 →t1: 393.21 ± 145.13 → t2: 486.71 ± 128.97 | 0.22 | No significant change | |||
| Epinephrine (pg/mL) | t0: 31.07 ± 17.18 →t1: 31.29 ± 14.37→ t2: 36.93 ± 20.62 | t0: 26.93 ± 11.49 →t1: 27.00 ± 19.91 → t2: 26.57 ± 19.25 | 0.66 | No significant change |
SD: Standard deviation; N: total number of participants; kg: kilograms; cm³: cubic centimeters; g/cm²: grams per square centimeter; pg/mL: picograms per milliliter; RCT: Randomized Clinical Trial; USA: United States of America; DEXA: Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry; BIA: Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis; RQ: respiratory quotient; %LIP: percentage of lipid oxidation; REE: Resting Energy Expenditure; CRP: C-reactive protein; ↑: increase; ↓: reduction; t0: baseline; t1: after 30 days; t2: after 60 days; p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant