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. 2026 Apr 11;16:16972. doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-43057-y

Table 3.

Statistical comparison of theoretical and load-test capacities for Project 1.

Method Soil type Cum. skin friction (Inline graphic) Skin friction, Qs (Inline graphic) End bearing, Qb (Inline graphic) Allowable capacity (Inline graphic) Difference with load test (666.9 Inline graphic) Bias factor, λ = Pred/Test Statistical summary
SPT-based BNBC 2020 Clay 71.82 203.1 861 371.4 – 44.31% 0.56

MAPE = 38.54%,

Mean bias, λ̄ = 0.61 &

COV = 0.31

Sand 131.28
SPT-based Other Clay 399 530.3 836.4 581.3 – 12.82% 0.87
Sand 131.31
BCE BNBC 2020 Clay 197.35 223.37 537.27 277.0 – 58.46% 0.42
Sand 26.02

Pred Predicted capacity, Test Actual capacity from load test.