. 2026 Apr 11;16:16972. doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-43057-y

Table 4.

Statistical comparison of theoretical and load-test capacities for Project 2.

Method	Soil type	Cum. skin friction (kN)	Skin friction, Q_s (kN)	End bearing, Q_b (kN)	Allowable capacity (kN)	Difference with load test (490.3 kN)	Bias factor, λ = Pred/Test	Statistical summary
SPT-based BNBC 2020	Silt	33.18	129.89	892.8	360.7	– 26.43%	0.74	MAPE = 38.71%, Mean bias, λ̄ = 0.61 & COV = 0.29
SPT-based BNBC 2020	Sand	96.71	129.89	892.8	360.7	– 26.43%	0.74
SPT-based Other	Silt	39.04	135.79	883.5	361.6	– 26.26%	0.74
SPT-based Other	Sand	96.75	135.79	883.5	361.6	– 26.26%	0.74
BCE BNBC 2020	Silt	110.00	123.77	360.27	179.2	– 63.46%	0.37
BCE BNBC 2020	Sand	13.77	123.77	360.27	179.2	– 63.46%	0.37