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. 2026 Apr 11;16:16972. doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-43057-y

Table 7.

Statistical comparison of theoretical and load-test capacities for Project 5.

Method Soil type Cum. skin friction (kN) Skin friction, Qs (kN) End bearing, Qb (kN) Allowable capacity (kN) Difference with load test (519.8 kN) Bias factor, λ = Pred/Test Statistical summary
SPT-based BNBC 2020 Silt 47.736 109.026 1193.8 436.0  – 16.12% 0.84

MAPE = 22.00%,

Mean bias, λ̄ = 0.78 &

COV = 0.05

Sand 61.29
SPT-based Other Silt 56.16 117.45 1054.1 395.0  – 24% 0.76
Sand 61.29
BCE BNBC 2020 Silt 140.4 165.65 928.38 385.3  – 25.88% 0.74
Sand 25.25