Table 1.

Conditions endorsed by Latin American asylum seekers

Table 1. long description.

Name of conditions endorsed by asylum seekers	DSM-5TR symptoms or medical criteria	Examples of endorsements
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (APA, 2024)	Trauma- and stress-related disorder caused by direct exposure or witnessing a death, injury or violence (sexual or physical). Criterion includes: A: Direct or witnessed exposure B: Intrusion symptoms (flashbacks, nightmares and intrusive memories about the event) C: Avoidance (active avoidance of the event, including people, places and thoughts) D: Changes in cognition and mood (negative changes in mood, inability to remember key aspects of the stressful event) E: Arousal and reactivity (hypervigilance, irritability and angry outbursts)	Flashbacks about family separation Refusal to talk about family separation Irritable mood or “acting out” expressed as anger at “the system” Intrusive memories or thoughts about the traumatic journey or about witnessing deaths of fellow friends or family during the journey (Mercado and Venta, 2022)
Depression (APA, 2024)	Depressed mood and anhedonia for at least 1 month and at least 3–4 or more of the following: Weight/appetite change Sleep disturbance Psychomotor agitation/retardation Fatigue Worthlessness/guilt Inability to concentrate Indecisiveness Suicidal ideation	Loss of interest, joy and energy to complete daily activities Feeling guilty about the traumatic events, family separation Inability to concentrate or complete their daily tasks, like their immigration paperwork (Mercado and Venta, 2022)
Ataque de Nervios (Guarnaccia et al., 2010)	No diagnostic criteria established by the American Psychiatric Association; the Ataque de Nervios is typically used as a quantitative measure Shouted a lot Had crying attacks Broke things or became aggressive Became very angry or enraged Felt very scared or frightened Became hysterical Trembled a lot Felt strange, as if it was not you this was happening to Had a period of amnesia Felt dizzy Fell to the floor with convulsions (a “seizure”) Had heart palpitations (heart beating hard) Felt chest tightness or heat in the chest Fainted or felt on the verge of fainting Tried to hurt yourself or attempted suicide	Feeling very scared about the immigration process Trembling/shaking when seeing news about immigration processes Fainting-like or feelings as if they are about to faint when thinking about the immigration process
Somatization/Pain Complaints (APA, 2024; Garcini et al., 2022; Lewis-Fernandez, 2016).	Pins and needles in the hands or feet Heat sensations inside the body	Having pain in arms and legs after seeing news about fellow nationals crossing the migration points in the Panama jungle “ El Darien ”